Stakeholders and Shareholders Debate - 4838 Words

The Shareholders vs. Stakeholders Debate T he stakeholder theorists smell blood. Scandals at Enron, Global Crossing, ImClone, Tyco International and WorldCom, concerns about the independence of accountants who are charged with auditing financial statements, and questions about the incentive schema and investor recommendations at Credit Suisse First Boston and iMerrill Lynch have all provided rich fodder for those who question the premise of shareholder supremacy. Many observers have claimed that these scandals serve as evidence of the failure of the shareholder theory— that managers primarily have a duty to maximize shareholder returns — and the victory of stakeholder theory, which says that a manager s duty is to balance the†¦show more content†¦However, more thoughtful shareholder theorists often refer to a need for enlightened self-interest, which — if embraced — would lead a corporation s managers to take a long-term orientation. Third, it is sometimes claimed that the shareholder theo ry prohibits giving corporate funds to things such as charitable projects or investing in improved employee morale. In fact, however, the shareholder theory supports those efforts —- insofar as those initiatives are, in the end, the best investments of capital that are available.^ Similarly, the stakeholder theory is sometimes misunderstood. It is sometimes claimed that the stakeholder theory does not demand that a company focus on profitability. Even though the stakeholder theory s ultimate objective is the concern s continued existence, it must be achieved by balancing the interests of all stakeholders, including the shareholders, whose interests are usually addressed through profits. Also, because many stakeholder theory descriptions pro86 MIT SLOAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW vide no formula for adjudicating among the stakeholders disparate interests, some have claimed that the theory cannot be implemented. While it is true that some versions of the theory provide no guidance in this regard, many stakeholder theorists have provided algorithms for trade-offs among stakeholders interests. For example, one might assess the level of risk that each stakeholder has embraced and rank their interests accordingly, orShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Is An Environmental And Business Issue1454 Words   |  6 Pagescomplex relations between climate change and business by exploring on: first, the interaction between business and climate change with a brief stakeholder analysis; second, analyzing the business debates underpinning this issue consisting of stakeholders/shareholders debates and long term/short term debates and the way how business, and other stakeholders address the issue; third, figuring out potential solutions to address the issue and its obstacles. Interaction Business has complex relations withRead MoreThe Management Of A Company1238 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of the company decide to hire mangers to make important decisions on your company. This is a general example on how shareholders run their company. Now wouldn t you rather help make decision, or be able to factor in ideas from the employees and community that has helped the business grow? If so, you might want to consider the stakeholders theory.   Different stakeholders can hold varying amounts of influence and interest, within the organization. For example, consider a factory worker. An individualRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Corporate Governance Framework1680 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper will discuss why a good corporate governance framework must incorporate stakeholder accountability. For the purpose of this paper, the term stakeholder governance will be used to incorporate all aspects of stakeholder accountability and engagement, that is; dialogue, decision making, transparent operations and implementation of solutions to common problems or goals. The first part of this paper will describe how the landscape has changed for business operations due to environmentalRead MoreCadbury Corporate Governance Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesis the framework by which the various stakeholder interests are balanced, or, as the IFC (International Finance Corporation) states, the relationships among the management, Board of Directors, controlling shareholders, minority shareholders and other stakeholders. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance states that: Corporate governance involves a set of relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance also provides theRead MoreEthical Leadership Debate1654 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Statement Seminar Four: Ethical Leadership Debate Guiding Reflective Question | Student Reflection | What was the definition of ‘ethical leadership’ adopted by the participants in the debate?What is the role of the directors as envisaged by Codes of Corporate Governance and wider society?Are these expectations consistent with the ideas of ethical leadership? | The four characters, Mike, Jan, Mei-Hua and Deshi were portrayed as individuals with starkly differing views on ethical leadershipRead MoreThe Social Capital Theory ( Sct ) And Stakeholder Theory1168 Words   |  5 Pages Despite the conflicting nature between the social-capital theory (SCT) and stakeholder theory (ST), the role of ‘Corporate social responsibility’ (CSR) is a factor for a majority of organisations to gain an economic advantage amongst its competitors. Through globalisation, aspects involving profit maximisation and business reputation have become the primary influences of the ST. Alternatively, the minority of organisations engaging in CSR with the altruistic concern for the stability ofRead MoreIn 1960, Frederick Wrote That Social Responsibility In1742 Words   |  7 Pagesbe possible to gauge any direct measurable economic returns (Walton, 1967). The modern debate on CSR starts in the USA in 1970, when Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman’s ‘minimalist’ view of corporate responsibility (Lucas, et al, 2001) came out in his article where he stated that any company should not deal with issues which do not directly belong to its core mission of increasing its shareholder value and maximizing profit. For Friedman, CSR was a fundamentally subversive doctrineRead MoreCompeting Models Of Corporate Governance1398 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Corporate governance There are two main competing models in corporate governance. Stakeholder method Under the stakeholder model of corporate governance, firms owned and controlled by small number of major shareholders. This model of corporate governance often called as the relationship based method due to the close relationship maintained between companies and their major shareholders. This close relationship, little separation of ownership and control minimises the agency problem. HoweverRead MoreDear Silent Partners Of Chocoholics Anonymous1238 Words   |  5 PagesDear silent partners of Chocoholics Anonymous, The purpose of this memo is to discuss the opposing views of shareholders and stakeholders, evaluating our decision based on multiple ethical principles, focusing on Chocoholics Anonymous profitability and ethical integrity. Chocoholics Anonymous has a decline of sales and decrease of profits during the economic downturn, and so do the other companies in town; and those companies fired employees to save money which caused a rapidly growing unemploymentRead MoreThe Maximisation Of Shareholder Value Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesAlhalboni The maximisation of shareholder value is a corporate objective that has become increasingly popular since the 1980’s. Many companies explicitly state that maximising shareholder value is one of their key business objectives; an example of this is Coca-Cola, who state in their Coca-Cola Company Vision (2016) that â€Å"maximising long-term return to shareholders† is one of their business goals. In this essay, I will consider the extent to which maximising shareholder value is a reasonable objective

Several Kinds of English that I Speak of Free Essays

My family and I lived in several places and so as we move from one place to another, I have learned to speak several kinds of the English language as well. For instance, I am a little familiar with West Indian English, wherein one of the major characteristics of their grammar is the absence of â€Å"-s† if its state is singular and is in the present tense, and so sometimes instead of stating â€Å"Cleavon loves music†, I would only say, â€Å"Cleavon love music†Ã‚   (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p. We will write a custom essay sample on Several Kinds of English that I Speak of or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). In addition to that, another grammatical characteristic of the West Indian English is the elimination of the word that connects the subject and the predicate or what is technically referred to as the â€Å"copula† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). For example, â€Å"Cleavon extremely passionate†, instead of â€Å"Cleavon is extremely passionate† or â€Å"Cleavon my cousin† instead of â€Å"Cleavon is my cousin† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Furthermore, when we moved to Canada and stayed there for about two years, I managed to acquire a little bit of Canadian English as well which is sometimes evident in the way I pronounce words, for example, my classmates would be confused even if I meant â€Å"caller† because what they heard from me was â€Å"collar† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Similarly, if I say â€Å"caught†, they would misunderstand it since it sounded like â€Å"cot† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). I also got the nanny confused one time when I said, â€Å"May I please just have porridge for breakfast?† I forgot that in U.S. English, it is known as, â€Å"oatmeal† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Last but not least, since we now moved back to the United States, my U.S. English is back as well (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Nowadays, I would jokingly say â€Å"My seatmate is such a nerd; she would spend three sleepless nights for our science project and would not even complain a bit† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Nobody would be confused by my statement since this is the Standard English that they utilize also (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Reference Oxford University Press. (2008). Types of World English. Retrieved April 7, 2008 from http://www.askoxford.com/globalenglish/types/?view=uk How to cite Several Kinds of English that I Speak of, Essay examples

Social and Economic Origins of Immigration

Question: Discuss about the Social and Economic Origins of Immigration. Answer: Introduction The human migration is concerned with the movement of the people and their belongings from one place to another for the purpose of settling there permanently (Ventriglio Bhugra, 2015). The migration usually involves the movement over considerable long distances and it is termed as immigration. The process of immigration is concerned with the movement of people in a foreign country in which they do not possess citizenship (Mitov Omey, 2014). This type of movement takes place due to number of reasons such as permanent employment or temporary foreign worker. The phenomenon of social network is gripping the whole world and this also affects the migration patterns (Ventriglio Bhugra, 2015). The thesis statement is that How Filipino people have migrated from one part of the world to the other and how they have used social networking. This essay would discuss about the social, economic and political origins of migration and how these factors influence the global population. The evolution of migration would be discussed and the various linkages between the different countries would also be discussed. The mode of migration would be elaborated by special focus on the social networking aspects. There are various articles regarding migration and immigration settlement, which would be consulted that throw light on the reasons of migration along with other relevant concepts. Changes in contemporary immigration structure There have been changes in the contemporary immigration structure in Europe (Massey, 1990). Europe draws migrants from both the developed as well as developing countries and has become a region of immigration (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). The primary cause of the immigration process is the economic development spread to the various developing countries (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). There is also constant demand of low wages employees in the developed nations, which make it obvious to source labour from the third world populations (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). The immigration process also has several social foundations including the formation of migrant networks (Curran Saguy, 2013). The social networks embedded in the migration process provide acceleration to the growth potential (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). This is due to the wage differentials, restrictive policies of immigration, recessions and other factors in the developing countries (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). This article focuses more on the economic as well as social aspects of the immigration and the next article would focus more on the social networks of the immigration process. Different forms of social networks in migration Many notable studies have shown variable representation of the social networks that focus on immigration patterns (Hagan, 1998). It discusses the different forms of networks that affect the settlement outcomes of both male and female population and there has been focus on the legal opportunities (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). This outcome is being produced by the social interactions of the different genders, work, voluntary associations, neighborhood and others (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). The article emphasizes on the fact that the social networks is being used in the different stages of the migration process such as migration decisions, persistence and direction in the migration flows, transnational links and the different settlement patterns (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). The social networks result in the subsequent reduction in the costs of migration. The networks of the migrants in the receiving region provide more social capital in the initial phases of the migration (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). This helps the population in adjusting to the new environment in a better manner (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). There are also greater possibilities of integrating well with the local communities if there is presence of networks. The communities who have mature networks do give cultural as well as emotional support to the migrants which help them to settle in the new environment quickly (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). The migrants also get the information regarding local housing options as well as infrastructure facilities, which help them to lead a comfortable life in the foreign location (Falk Mathew, 2017). The social networks also provide the new members of the society with adequate information of the job facilities and labour market niches (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). This makes them to take up new job opportunities so that they can survive in the new land (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). The networks form ethnic associations in due course of time and provide sup port and assistance to the newcomers (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). Culture of Filipino Migration Philippines, which comprise of approximately 7,000 islands is the major supplier of low-skilled labors in the developed regions of the world. It is largely a country of emigration. They are interested in working in foreign lands in spite of the vulnerabilities and difficulties that they would face there. The Middle-East countries account for a large number of Filipino workers. The Filipino workers do get around two years of service contract in the Middle East, one year contract in Taiwan and six months contract in Japan. They face different implications when travelling to a foreign country. The overseas employment opportunities provide various kind of work to the Filipinos and are a major generator of the foreign exchange. There has been subsequent growth of the remittances in Philippines. The remittances have been instrumental in aiding the economy of the Philippines by encouraging foreign exchange outflows. This also helps the economy at the time of negative GDP growths and maintaining positive growth of the economy. There is a huge outflow of the workers such as nurses/doctors, which leads to the shortage of skilled workers in Philippines. Demographics affecting migration Studies have focused on the different family, community and friendship networks that affect the patterns of the migration (Boyd, 1989). This article explores the theme of the previous article in a detailed manner by segregating the social networks into family as well as personal networks (Ohno, 2014). This articles stated that the fact that as per the Ravensteins Law, the male population is more inclined for long distance migration (Ohno, 2014). The movements of the people were also associated with the push as well as pull forces belonging to the places of origin (Ohno, 2014). The different areas such as Latin America, Singapore and Middle East nations still witness a large number of young unaccompanied males (Ohno, 2014). The family based migrations are more common in all the settlement based countries and women also play a significant part in the migration flows in these countries (Ohno, 2014). There has been an increase in the women migrants as compared to the traditional male cou nterparts (Ohno, 2014). It is also important to focus on the legal aspects of migration process (Torpey, 1998). The previous articles paid attention to the different aspects of the migration, which should be based on government rules and procedures (Farutin Misbah, 2013). This article by Torpey discusses about the legitimate movement methods that should be followed by the migrants so that they do not face any legal hurdles (Farutin Misbah, 2013). The nations have made policies regarding the domestic as well as international movement of people (Farutin Misbah, 2013). The modern states have understood the need of embracing populations and the identification of the persons (Farutin Misbah, 2013). This process is done for the purpose of distinguishing migrants from the non-migrants (Farutin Misbah, 2013). Research has shown that there are more advanced phase of immigration, which is concerned with the interest of Europe for Islam (Soysal, 1997). Islam has become an object of cultural as well as political curiosity as well as scientific concern (Sardar, 2016). It explores the fact whether Islam is compatible with the democratic participation in Europe. The focus has been laid on democratic citizenship and participation. This article focuses more on Islam religion, which is perceived as one of the threats to the countrys democracy (Soysal, 1997). It helps to understand the background of the immigration process by understanding the cultural as well as political scenario of Europe. Shift in research in international immigration In this research essay, I have studied the shift of the idea from immigration to the different social scenario in the contemporary world, which is directly related to the international immigration (Hagan, 2006). It defined that one of the characteristic of the 20th and 21st century was that there was a growing emphasis on the international migration (Hagan, 2006). There has been irregular movement of people and unauthorized migration, which was not recorded in the official statistics. The migration has doubled between the year 1965 and 2000 (Durand, Massey Pren, 2016). The international migrants have a tendency to go the areas which have maximum economic opportunity. The international migrants move from developing nations to more developed nations such as USA, Australia and Canada (Hagan, 2006). The article focuses on the fact that there are different integration opportunities that are responsible for shaping the social memberships among the immigrant groups (Durand, Massey Pren, 2 016). There has been greater emphasis on social membership, which is not always concerned with institutions and state, but can be defined by organized/informal ways (Ambrosino et al., 2015). There have been legal protests that advocate the demand rights so that social membership gains inclusion and legal status. The industrialized nations have large number of international immigrants (Durand, Massey Pren, 2016). This has led to these nations cope up with the different domestic concerns which included increasing domestic inequalities, national security, liberalized trading policies, ethnic tensions and others (Gibler, 2015). The countries are increasingly getting more inflow of international migrants due to which they have started to implement strict admission and removal regulations (Durand, Massey Pren, 2016). The Filipinos have undergone major race-relations cycle in United States, which is often characterized by the exhibited attributes of the host country such as economic welcome, legislative antagonism, curiosity and fair play tendencies. The present median income of Filipino Americans is more than the Hispanics or Blacks, however, they are lower than the Asian Indians or Japanese-Americans. Filipinos are focused on development of the youth leadership. Social networks of migrants The migrant social network is highly responsible for creating a habitat in the new environment (Dingle, 2014). It is responsible for adjusting in a new place and getting access to basic amenities of life such as healthcare, education and others (Dingle, 2014).The migrant networks in the origin country have more power to affect the national as well as local economies since there is brain drain in the country (Dingle, 2014). There are also the remittances which are being received by the friends, family and relatives of the immigrants (Dingle, 2014). The remittances are utilized by the organizational ties of the particular migrant, which also affects the border development activities of the origin countries (Dingle, 2014). The social networks of the migrants also determine the integration of immigrants with the host country in a process known as transnationalism (Erdal Oeppen, 2013). The social networks have always been instrumental in improving the economic integration of the immigrants in the labor markets of Canada. There are several examples of the Filipino population who has found jobs in the foreign country with the help of close family members or friends. The Filipino-Canadian community has been segregated in different regional, class and cultural characteristics. The flows of information as well as remittances are one of the main implications of the transnational activities. The social networks of Filipino in Canada ensure about their probable job expectations and the way of life in the foreign country. There are several concentrations of Filipino communities in Canada and they are based on several second tier cities as well as rural areas. Features of migrant workers One of the most important features of the migrant workers is that they usually exist between two or more countries but are limited and specific in some way. The composition of the migrant workers also changes over time (Skeldon, 2014). The lack of citizenship of the immigrants can limit the access to the different organizations and institutions of the country, mostly the political institutions (Skeldon, 2014). This kind of limitation is dependent on the immigrants reception and the related institutional accommodation in terms of governments. There is a need of social capital as the migration flows are greatly selective in nature. There are a large number of movements that take place between the various developing coun(Skeldon, 2014)tries; this phenomenon is known as South-South migration (Skeldon, 2014). The potential immigrants try to minimize the risks of the migration process by considering familiar places which can help them to settle easily. They also try to seek the maximum num ber of the social networks that are available to them at the foreign locations. It is important to consider the social capital for easy settlement at the migration location. It refers to the potential or the actual resources which are directly linked with the social ties of the migrants. There are also necessary resources involved in the migration process such as money, information, influence, persuasion and others (Skeldon, 2014). The economic incorporation of the immigrants is important. They strive to seek employment options among the different social networks and participate in the labor markets that serve the own ethnic communities. The ethnic enclaves host variety of niche employment in the restaurants, retail and other professional services. This eliminates the need of sourcing goods from outside the country. There are conditions of conflict and exploitation which often gives rise to the fact that the work is unregulated or unpaid. Factors affecting migration There are different factors that lead to an increasing number of migrations at the global level. There are broadly three kinds of factors such as socio-political, economic and ecological factors (Czaika Haas, 2014). The socio-political factors comprise of the religious, ethnic, cultural and racial persecution. Evidences show that the states which have undergone political transition from the earlier authoritarian rule to the democracy possess potential risks of internal conflict and instability (Czaika Haas, 2014). There is greater possibility of conflict in the inclusive and homogenous societies of the country. The individuals who are migrating due to different social or political conditions would like to do so as humanitarian migrants (Czaika Haas, 2014). These kinds of individuals like to move to the neighboring countries which they find it safe. The different economic factors relate to the different levels of labor standards of the country and the overall unemployment situation . The employment levels contribute directly to the health of the economy. The economic factors are responsible for drawing a large number of international migrants for the purpose of better employment, higher wages and desire to escape from the domestic political situation. This kind of migration is visible from the developing nations where there is a rise in the well educated population (Czaika Haas, 2014). The highly skilled workers migrate from the developing countries to the developed ones. This kind of migration is known as the south-north migration. The migrants go to the developed countries for work and sent back remittances to the origin countries (Czaika Haas, 2014). The migration between the developing countries is based on proximity, income differentials, seasonal migration and others (Czaika Haas, 2014). The technological advancements, which can be seen in both the transport and communication has the potential of increasing the circular migration rate (Czaika Haas, 2 014). The ecological factors comprise of the individual migration due to climate change and other environmental pollution. The increasing food and water costs are likely to increase the resources scarcity in these regions (Czaika Haas, 2014). These natural burdens place strain on the capacity of the state regarding the use of the natural resources (Czaika Haas, 2014). The migrants think that the individual country situation in the developed world should be better and this is one of the primary causes of this kind of migration (Czaika Haas, 2014). Migration is often described as the essential modes of leading lives so that they can prosper well within their lives. There are different factors that affect the labor flows in Philippines such as rapid population growth, uneven distribution of population and the poor labor market absorptive capacity for the economy of the country. Conclusion The human migration is considered as one of the most important characteristics of the modern civilization. This thesis statement was proved by looking at various dimensions of migration. The specific aspect of the social networks is discussed with reference to the international migration. The contemporary immigration structure in different parts of world, particularly Europe is discussed. The variable as well as dynamic representations of the different social networks which focus on the patterns of immigration are critically assessed. The third section discussed about the impact of different networks towards migration. The next article discussed the legal aspects of the migration process. The next section explored one of the more advanced phase of immigration process, which is concerned with the Europes interest towards Islam. The different scenarios in the contemporary world that is directly related to international migration are explored. The different articles help in the understa nding of the different issues related to social networks in international migration. This essay focused on the migration patterns of the Filipino population. It has been found out that the Filipino population is inclined to travelling from one part of the country to other. Most of the Filipino population prefers to take overseas employment opportunities in places like Middle East, Canada and others. The main reason for this migration is often caused due to remittances sent to the home country. The family, friendship and community networks affect the migration patterns. The social networks of Filipinos have seen economic enhancements in the Canadian labor markets. This essay would broaden the understanding of the different social networks which are instrumental for the purpose of international migration. References Ambrosino, R., Heffernan, J., Shuttlesworth, G., Ambrosino, R. (2015).Empowerment Series: Social Work and Social Welfare. Cengage Learning. Boyd, M. (1989). Family and personal networks in international migration: recent developments and new agendas.International migration review, 638-670. Brettell, C. B., Hollifield, J. F. (2014).Migration theory: Talking across disciplines. Routledge. Castles, S., De Haas, H., Miller, M. J. (2013).The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. Palgrave Macmillan. Curran, S. R., Saguy, A. C. (2013). Migration and cultural change: a role for gender and social networks?.Journal of International Women's Studies,2(3), 54-77. Czaika, M., Haas, H. (2014). The globalization of migration: Has the world become more migratory?.International Migration Review,48(2), 283-323. Dingle, H. (2014).Migration: the biology of life on the move. Oxford University Press, USA. Durand, J., Massey, D. S., Pren, K. A. (2016). Double disadvantage: Unauthorized Mexicans in the US labor market.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,666(1), 78-90. Erdal, M. B., Oeppen, C. (2013). Migrant balancing acts: Understanding the interactions between integration and transnationalism.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,39(6), 867-884. Falk, S., Mathew, G. (2017). Technology for Good: Innovative Uses of Emerging Technologies to Address Social Challenges. InDigital Government(pp. 39-62). Springer International Publishing. Farutin, A., Misbah, C. (2013). Analytical and numerical study of three main migration laws for vesicles under flow.Physical review letters,110(10), 108104. Gibler, D. M. (2015). The Missing Military: How International Conflict Shapes Domestic Political Bargaining. Hagan, J. (2006). Negotiating social membership in the contemporary world.Social Forces,85(2), 631-642. Hagan, J. M. (1998). Social networks, gender, and immigrant incorporation: Resources and constraints.American sociological review, 55-67. Massey, D. S. (1990). The social and economic origins of immigration.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,510(1), 60-72. Mitov, K. V., Omey, E. (2014). A branching process with immigration in varying environments.Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods,43(24), 5211-5225. Ohno, K. (2014).Learning to industrialize: from given growth to policy-aided value creation. Routledge. Sardar, Z. (2016).Science, technology and development in the Muslim world. Routledge. Skeldon, R. (2014).Migration and development: A global perspective. Routledge. Soysal, Y. N. (1997). Changing parameters of citizenship and claims-making: Organized Islam in European public spheres.Theory and society,26(4), 509-527. Torpey, J. (1998). Coming and going: On the state monopolization of the legitimate means of movement.Sociological theory,16(3), 239-259. Ventriglio, A., Bhugra, D. (2015). Migration, trauma and resilience. InTrauma and Migration(pp. 69-79). Springer International Publishing.

Middle eastern music final question examples Essay Example

Middle eastern music final question examples Paper The Egyptians and the Arab audiences in general felt connected to Kulthum because they heard their own stories in her songs and she represented and supported the Arab world through her performances One learns that her old fashioned ways included a preference to be interviewed without the means of recording t/f true Kulthum insisted that her band musicians had to learn new songs aurally she was against the use of music scores t/f true Kulthums roots were within the egyptian countryside; she was from a poor religious family She began her singing career as a child, along her fathers side, singing at religious celebrations (mulids) When she moved to Cairo in the 1920s, the city was thriving and cosmopolitan, but under British rule The technology that mostly promoted her career was radio Kulthum supported the 1952 revolution and Nasser. True or False? True Kulthum supported King Farouk and the British. True or False? False Kulthum financially supported the Egyptian government in the 1960s. True or False? True The Egyptians compared Kulthum with pyramids Kulthums stage presence: Which TWO of the following statements are true? 1. She encouraged people to dance along with her on the stage. 2. She used to hold a handkerchief as her personal trademark. 3. She looked very formal. 2 and 3 Some of the interviewees seemed eager to sing their personal Kulthum favorite song in front of the camera Kulthum was praised for her strong sense of nationalism. true Kulthums improvisational / embellishment skills are associated with: the concept and manifestation of tarab Which of the following is not a characteristic of classical music genres (consider both western and Arab classical music genres)? old, historical, large ensembles, formal context (all of the above) During the late 19th century, this music was performed in all but one of the following venues: Village/Rural weddings One of the following musical instruments is not included in the core takht ensemble: tabla The nay has a characteristic _______________ timbre. breathy The only zither chordophone in the takht ensemble is the: qanun One of the following musical genres is not part of the wasla form: shabi The highly expressive Layali (featured in track 14) is an improvisatory genre. true Track 14 is non-metrical. true Track 12 uses the __________ iqa. samai The iqa in the taqtuqa Il bahr nayim is played by the: riqq Which of the following is not an example of the expressions shouted out by the audience when experiencing tarab (refer to What makes Arab music unique on the content tab)? oh my eye what did we do to you to do this? are you trying to make us die today? (all of them) Is Music Haram? Which one of the following is true? the issue is contentious In an effort to address the issue of permissibility of music, Islamic scholars primarily look into: the quran and the hadith One of the following types of music has suffered much less from censorship that the rest: chanted poetry The following aspect is taken in consideration when examining the permissibility of a piece of music: context and content of lyrics In Turkey under Kemal Ataturk (see the related video Be Happy, its an Order on the content tab), the villagers were forced to listen to: western classical music Sufis (followers of Sufism, which is the mystical branch of Islam): embrace music as part of their rituals According to the hadith reviewed in the textbook, frame drums: are halal The interpolation of religious lyrics in a pop song is generally considered: blasphemous In Pop music; singing of a beloved homeland (see content tab), we learn that Islamic extremists banned rai claiming that: it embraced Western ways and featured sexually explicit lyrics Right after the Islamic revolution of 1979: Several Iranian singers left the country since music was banned Sherry Bijan and 3P (see their related music videos on the content tab), contemporary Iranian female singers, dont show their faces on their music videos because: if caught, they may be sentenced Iranian rap is: thriving but mostly underground Amr Diab is a singer of: shababi The song Albi ikhtarak: has similarities w/ Santanas smooth and has Latin/Spanish influences Tamally maak: is a shababi song and features a guitar The lyrics of Is salamu alaykum are more poetic that those of Tamally maak true or false false The Egyptian authorities frowned upon Hakim because of his use of the expression is-salamu alaykum shabi songs are upbeat and feature memorable choruses and have their roots in folk music Shabi emerged in the 1970s because the times were prosperous. true of false false Shabi emerged in the 1970s at a time when the Egyptians were looking for an alternative sound to that of Umm Kulthum and the old masters of tarab music. true of false true The sound of early shabi (listen to Ahmed Adawiyyas Bent El Sultan located on the content tab) sounds closer to classical Arab music with its use of a large firqa orchestra. true or false false Shabi music keeps the following musical elements of past musical traditions (tip: read textbook carefully; see close to the end of the chapter): iqa and maqam and call and response The lyrics of Hakims Il-kalam da kabir (textbook CD track 26) talk about a fathers agony in search of his lost son. true or false false Il-kalam da kabir (textbook CD track 26) features the ___________ iqa. saidi Contemporary shabi music (listen to Egypt 3 Cairo underground on the content tab): incorporates DJs and samples The shabi song Youll go to hell (listen to Egypt 3 Cairo underground on the content tab) targets singers who appear on sexually provocative music videos

Free Essays on Anselm

First we must understand that Anselm believed that faith and reason are two sources of human knowledge. Faith must be that starting point in the search for truth. â€Å"For I do not seek to understand in order that I may believe, but I believe in order that I may understand.† The concept of fittingness as a philosophical criterion basically states that if something makes so much sense and seems to be perfect, and cannot proved otherwise, then it is true. When we keep in mind the quote given to us, â€Å"If a thing must be and if can be, then it is.† Then we must also keep in mind the question presented to Anselm which is: For what reason or necessity did God become man and by his death restore life to the world, when he could have done this through any other person, or by sheer act of will? The reply to this question is, it was necessary for God to redeem man for his sins in the way he did. When we say necessary we mean it needed to be. So, if in fact man needed to be saved, then for Anselm it must have been done this way, according to the picture, for it is the best and most fitting way for God to have saved man. For Anselm the question for the nature of mans happiness, or eternal happiness with God, is illustrated in the picture or the scripture that is given to us. The picture is not only fitting for Anselm, but it is appropriate and above all it is perfect. If something is necessary, fitting, appropriate and perfect, then why not believed it. This concept proves that either by faith or not, the story has no imperfections and by reason we can conclude that God acted in the way he did, by become a Man-God and taking on the lowest form of human nature, born of a woman and died, because it was the best and most fitting way to save man from sin and reconcile man for debt the man could not repay. Furthermore, it would be unfitting for God to show or reveal to man a happiness that could not be achieved by man due to ... Free Essays on Anselm Free Essays on Anselm First we must understand that Anselm believed that faith and reason are two sources of human knowledge. Faith must be that starting point in the search for truth. â€Å"For I do not seek to understand in order that I may believe, but I believe in order that I may understand.† The concept of fittingness as a philosophical criterion basically states that if something makes so much sense and seems to be perfect, and cannot proved otherwise, then it is true. When we keep in mind the quote given to us, â€Å"If a thing must be and if can be, then it is.† Then we must also keep in mind the question presented to Anselm which is: For what reason or necessity did God become man and by his death restore life to the world, when he could have done this through any other person, or by sheer act of will? The reply to this question is, it was necessary for God to redeem man for his sins in the way he did. When we say necessary we mean it needed to be. So, if in fact man needed to be saved, then for Anselm it must have been done this way, according to the picture, for it is the best and most fitting way for God to have saved man. For Anselm the question for the nature of mans happiness, or eternal happiness with God, is illustrated in the picture or the scripture that is given to us. The picture is not only fitting for Anselm, but it is appropriate and above all it is perfect. If something is necessary, fitting, appropriate and perfect, then why not believed it. This concept proves that either by faith or not, the story has no imperfections and by reason we can conclude that God acted in the way he did, by become a Man-God and taking on the lowest form of human nature, born of a woman and died, because it was the best and most fitting way to save man from sin and reconcile man for debt the man could not repay. Furthermore, it would be unfitting for God to show or reveal to man a happiness that could not be achieved by man due to ...

Analyzing Paul Cezannes Post Impressionistic Painting Still Life With A Curtain

Analyzing Paul Cezanne's Post Impressionistic Painting Still Life With A Curtain Final Paper Instead of being interested in the lighting and phenomenon of color, post impressionists move towards bright colors and sharp edges. The artists of the post impressionistic period chose not to work together because there work focused on what they each individually felt including theories, goals, and views of the world. I chose Paul Cezannes painting entitled Still Life With a Curtain, an oil on canvas that some consider one of his best and most influential still lives. When you look at this painting, I first notice the preservation and display of the bright colors, specifically the oranges and the flower pot. Even the off white table cloth which appears to be filthy contrasts with the other colors to make them seem even brighter. Paul Cezanne was a french artist and post impressionist painter who helped transition to a new world of art in the 20th century. His brushstrokes are highly recognizable in the art world as was moving to explore new methods. Many artists take Cezannes final twenty years of his life being spent in the south of France as an inspiration, as if he gave everything up in the name of art. Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gaugine and vuillard are some of my personal favorite Post Impressionistic painters. I have chosen to write about Cezanne because I like the way he analyzes nature. Cezanne was never into the way impressionists tried to mimic the specific look and feel of nature, instead he was interested in still lifes. You can see is his later watercolors and landscapes the pattern of his brushstrokes always overlapping. This was a precursor to cubism. He insisted on personal expression through his art, which was a major part of the post impressionistic movement. He believed that there was a hidden ord er in nature and it could be displayed in a non traditional way, such as with a simple painting of fruit and a flower pot on a slanted table. Although his paintings remained to be abstract, you can still easily recognize the objects in them. Although Cezannes piece Still Life With A Curtain and Van Goghs Starry Night seem to be very different from each other, they are from the same post impressionist period. Both pieces of art contain sharp edges, the use of bright colors, and a personal touch from the artist. Below, I have placed a picture of Van Goghs Starry Night alongside Cezannes painting. Both Cezanne and Van Gogh worked with unique styles to show there own interests through their artwork. For example, you can sense Van Goghs love of religion and nature through his painting of Starry Night by the emotional swirls in the sky and by the size of the stars. When we see stars at night they are not that large, but Van Gogh evokes his emotions and love for the stars through the sheer size he paints them. We see them as tiny spots in the sky, but he views them as massive beautiful swirls of light. Invoking personal interests is an important part of post impressionism. Cezanne wanted to re-create the world in the way he see s it through his art, and he did this through his use of bright colors to give his the fruit in his painting a more round shape. Both artists took an interest in the Provencal countryside. In both these paintings, I believe Cezanne and Van Gogh are attempting to show what they believe to be the hidden order of nature. They abandon the illusionist views of background and foreground and instead create there own idea of pictorial space. Although the paintings are seen as abstract, you can still clearly pick out the objects in the scenes. For example, you can clearly see that those are stars and a church in Van Goghs Starry Night, and at the same time you can see that Cezanne is painting fruit on the table. He is the father of modern art and lead the way for artists like Picasso to come along and flatten the picture plane out, which is what modernism is for many people, the move toward abstraction and flatness in a picture plane. He was interested in sacrificing illusionist flatness for a psychological depth. The paintings show a clear picture of C?zannes intense study of his subjects because of the great detail he goes into, but also his inner struggle with complicated field of human visual perception. Both artists are great examples of post impressionism and its move towards Cubism.

Interpreting Financial Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interpreting Financial Results - Essay Example l turnover reduced in the year 2011 and 2012 .The working capital ratio also reduced in the year 2013.This ratio indicates the extent to which, the working capital has been utilized in the creation of sales revenue. This is computed by dividing the total number of the days by the inventory turnover. ITT Co.s average inventory processing period increased in the year 2011 and 2012.However, the ratio slightly reduced in the year 2013. This is the sum of the inventory-processing period plus the average revenue collection period. Boeing Co.s operating cycle improved from 2011 to 2012 but then deteriorated significantly from 2012 to 2013. Average Payables Payment Period is the period the company takes to pay its creditors. The payment period is computed by dividing the total number of payables by payable turnover ratio. ITT Co.s average payables payment period reduced in the year 2011 and 2012 (Bruce, 2009).Additionally, the ratio also reduced in the year

Corporate Social Responsibilities report Assignment

Corporate Social Responsibilities report - Assignment Example The company ensures environmental sustainability through incorporating best practices which reduces impact on environment. Wendy is more concerned about people and believes in giving something extra to stakeholders apart from offering superior quality food choices. This organization serves local communities and takes active measures to minimize any form of societal issues. On the contrary, the Subway system is inclined towards providing healthier and tasty food choices. The company attempts to reduce environmental impact and structures effective programs for local communities. Sustainable sourcing is one of the corporate social responsibility activities undertaken by the company. It maintains a strict code for vendors and streamlines supply chain activities. Safety standards and high food quality are maintained by the organization and they are involved in reducing water conservation, energy utilization, etc. They even serve local communities through large number of donations and spon sorships. Subway is an active participant in context of extending support to educational institutions and local charities. Wendy’s and Subway forms a major part of the food industry. The companies are actively involved in providing superior quality foods to customers. Nutrition and health standards are taken into consideration while manufacturing food products. Environmental sustainability is a common approach adopted by both the companies. There are different practices adopted by the firms in order to enhance environmental sustainability. Environmental friendly practices are common for both the organizations. They are actively indulged in reducing level of water or energy conservation. This is an important corporate social responsibility approach and it needs to be focused on by all companies. However both the companies have initiated different programs so as to ensure that their

The Quality of Early Child Care and Children’s Development Essay Example for Free

The Quality of Early Child Care and Children’s Development Essay ABSTRACT—The past half-century saw dramatic changes in families that altered the daily experiences of many young children. As more mothers of young children entered the labor force, increasing numbers of young children spent substantial hours in various child-care settings. These changes gave rise to a large body of research on the impact of the quality of early child care on children’s development. However, a full understanding of the role of the quality of early child care requires consideration of the interplay among child care, family, workplace, and society. This article places what we know about the quality of early child care and children’s development in this larger ecological context, and suggests directions for future research and practice. The past half-century saw dramatic changes in families that altered the daily experiences of many young children. In 1970, only 24% of mothers with a young child (birth through age 3) were in the labor force; by 2000, this figure had risen to 57%. This growth in maternal employment was accompanied by changes in children’s daily experiences. By 2000, 80% of children under the age of 6 were in some form of nonparental care, spending an average of 40 hours a week in such care (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2003). Research on children’s experiences saw a parallel change that was equally dramatic. Early research in the field focused primarily on the question of whether child care (or maternal employment) per se was good or bad for children; current research asks questions about the relation between children’s development and variations in the quality and quantity of child care that they experience. The field also now recognizes varying types of child care, including center-based care, licensed or regulated home-based care by nonrelatives (family-childcare homes), and other home-based care, such as care by relatives or in-home sitters. There have been methodological advances as well. Early research was more likely to study small samples and examine correlations between child care and children’s outcomes at a single point in time; current research is more likely to involve large samples at multiple sites, to use experimental or quasi-experimental designs, and to follow participants over time. Perhaps the most important advance in child-care research has been theoretical. Early research tended to study the effects of child care in isolation from other significant aspects of children’s lives. Current research is more likely to be grounded in ecological systems theory, which considers children’s development in the context of the child-care system as well as the family system, and recognizes the links between these systems and the larger society. In this article, I focus on one segment of current research on early child care—the links between the quality of child care and children’s development—drawing on ecological systems theory to provide an overview of recent advances and to suggest directions for future research. ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY AND EARLY CHILD CARE Ecological systems theory places child development in an ecological perspective, in which an individual’s experience is nested within interconnected systems (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). Microsystems, such as families or child-care settings, are characterized by face-to-face connections among individuals. Mesosystems consist of two or more microsystems and the linkages or processes that combine or connect them. These mesosystems exist within the larger context of the exosystem, those settings in which the child does not directly participate but that influence the lives of parents and other adults in the child’s world, such as a parent’s workplace, educational institutions that train child-care teachers and providers, and government agencies that set regulations for child-care facilities or establish welfare-reform policies. The mesosystems and exosystems operate within the context of a macrosystem of societal and cultural beliefs and practices. Note that these systems are not static, but may change over time. The Mesosystem of Family Child Care Children inhabit both families and child-care microsystems, and these systems are linked. Parents select particular types of child care, of varying quality, for children of different ages—and these decisions vary with family structure, parental characteristics, geographical location, and other factors. Singer, Fuller, Keiley, and Wolf (1998) argued that child-care researchers must consider these selection effects if they are to accurately model the impact of child care on children’s development over time. 1 Through their selection of particular child-care arrangements, parents have an indirect impact on their children’s development (in addition to their direct impact within the family system). But this linkage between the family system and child-care system operates in both directions: The child-care system can also influence the family system. For example, Ahnert, Rickert, and Lamb (2000) described a particular mesosystem characterized by shared care; in this mesosystem, mothers adapted their interactions with their toddlers in response to the toddlers’ experiences in child care. The Exosystem The family child-care mesosystem operates within the larger context of the exosystem of parental employment—one of the primary functions of child care is to enable parents, particularly mothers, to work outside the home. Historically, the child-care system has developed in response to characteristics of parents’ employment . For instance, the current child-care system includes child-care centers, which tend to have operating hours that match those of parents who are working weekdays, as well as family-child-care homes and kith-and-kin care, which are more likely to meet the needs of parents who are working evenings, weekends, or variable hours. However, in industries that operate around the clock, particularly those with highly skilled workers such as hospitals, we are more likely to see on-site child-care centers, sick-child care,2 and other accommodations to parents’ employment needs. Another important aspect of the exosystem is government policies and regulations that affect both the demand for child care (such as welfare-reform efforts that require low-income mothers to seek employment) and the affordability of child care. Although the United States provides some child-care subsidies for families, many low- and moderate-income families do not have effective access to subsidies. 3 Given the links between the quality of care and the cost of care, it is not surprising that children in low-income families who are not in the higher-quality, government-subsidized programs tend to receive lower-quality child care than children in middle-income families (cf. Phillips, Voran, Kisker, Howes, Whitebook, 1994). In this way, the exosystem of government policies and regulations provides an important context for the operation of the family ! child-care mesosystem. THE QUALITY OF EARLY CHILD CARE AND CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Using ecological systems theory as a framework, I turn now to the question of the relation between the quality of early child care and children’s development. I begin with a discussion of the concept of quality, and then move on to an overview of what researchers currently know about the role of the quality of early child care in children’s lives. What Is Quality? The underlying assumption of all definitions of quality is that a high quality early-child-care setting is one that supports optimal learning and development. However, quality has been measured in a variety of ways across different studies. Measures of child-care quality can be categorized as either structural or process indicators. Structural characteristics include the child:staff ratio (the number of children per teacher or provider), the group size (number of children in the setting), and the education and specialized training of teachers, providers, or directors. The features of structural quality can be regulated, and most states set minimum standards for at least some aspects of structural quality, at least in center-based care. Studies that assess structural quality are most useful in evaluating the impact of features that can be regulated. Although understanding the links between structural indicators of quality and children’s development is important, we also need to understand the mechanisms by which structural quality affects children’s development, which requires examining what actually happens in the early-care setting (i.e., the process). How do adults and children interact? What materials are available for the children, and how do adults support children’s use of those materials? Process quality refers to the nature of the care that children experience—the warmth, sensitivity, and responsiveness of the caregivers; the emotional tone of the setting; the activities available to children; the developmental appropriateness of activities; and the learning opportunities available to children. Unlike the features of structural quality, process quality is not subject to state or local regulations, and it is harder to measure. One of the more commonly used measures, the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS; Harms, Clifford, Cryer, 1998), assesses multiple aspects of process quality. Such multidimensional process measures tell us much more about the quality of care that children receive than do structural measures alone. Structural Indicators of Quality and Children’s Development What do we know about the links between the structural indicators of quality in early child care and children’s development? The research to date has found that better ratios (fewer children per adult) and more education or training for teachers are associated with higher language, cognitive, and social skills of the children cared for (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2003). However, many of the studies that have examined structural indicators have employed small samples (fewer than 100 children) or have not considered selection effects in their analyses, so studies that do not have these limitations are of particular importance. In an interesting study that assessed the links between structural quality, process quality, and children’s outcomes, the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2002) found that the relation between caregiver training and child-staff ratio, on the one hand, and children’s cognitive and social competence, on the other hand, was mediated by process quality— that is, higher levels of caregiver training and lower ratios of children to adults in child-care settings were associated with higher levels of process quality, which were, in turn, associated with children’s greater cognitive and social competence. Process Quality and Children’s Development Among studies published in the past 15 years, those that employed an ecological model4 consistently found that higher process quality is to greater language and cognitive competence, fewer behavior problems, and more social skills, particularly when multidimensional measures of quality, such as the ECERS, are used or quality is assessed at more than one point in time. For example, the Cost, Quality and Child Outcomes Study (Peisner-Feinberg, Burchinal, Clifford, 2001) found that higher process quality in preschool classrooms predicted fewer behavior problems 1 year later, and predicted higher language and math scores in kindergarten and second grade, although the magnitude of these associations declined over time. This same study also found a link between the child-care and family systems, such that the association between child-care quality and children’s school performance was moderated by mothers’ education; specifically, the association was stronger for children whose mothers had less education. BEYOND SELECTION EFFECTS I began this article with a discussion of the importance of considering children’s development from an ecological systems perspective, which considers the family ! child-care mesosystem as a context for children’s development. Many studies of child care now consider the role of selection effects by statistically controlling for family characteristics. However, other linkages within the mesosystem must also be considered if one is to adequately understand the role of child-care quality in children’s development. For instance, aspects of the family system, such as the mother’s education or depression, parenting practices, and family income, may have independent effects on children’s development. In fact, in a study of 1,100 children, the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2001) found that although the quality of early child care consistently predicted socio-emotional and cognitive-linguistic outcomes during the first 3 years of life, family factors were more consistent predictors of children’s development than quality of child care, or any other child-care factors examined. Research on the family child-care mesosystem is familiar territory for many psychologists. However, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory calls attention to other influences on children’s development—the exosystem of parental employment and government policy and the macrosystem of societal beliefs about the desirability of maternal employment and the desired outcomes for children. For example, there is a complex interplay between parental employment, government policy, child care, and children’s development for low-income families. Government policy and the macrosystem of societal beliefs promote employment for low-income parents. However, low-income parents tend to have less education and fewer marketable skills compared with other parents, and are likely to be employed in sectors of the labor market where jobs are part-time or contingent (temporary), allow little flexibility for managing family demands, and offer few benefits. Work schedules are also likely to include hours outside of the typical Monday-through-Friday daytimes when childcare centers normally operate. Although government subsidies are available to some low-income families, most do not receive subsidies. As a result, children from low-income families are likely to be placed in lower-cost and lower-quality center care or informal care that is itself often of lower quality (cf. Henly Lyons, 2000). Viewing this ‘‘choice’’ as a selection effect leads one to interpret it as parental preference—but an ecological perspective suggests a different interpretation: Regardless of their individual preferences, low-income families’ choices are constrained by the operation of the exosystem of the workplace and government policy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Current state-of-the-art research has provided clear evidence that the quality of early child care matters to children’s development. Children who attend higher-quality child-care settings have greater language and cognitive competence and greater social competence than children who receive lower-quality child care. However, several studies have documented the prevalence of mediocre or inadequate child care in the United States (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2003, pp. 53–54). In addition, the high-quality care that does exist is not equitably distributed—lower-income children are less likely than higher-income children to have access to it. The next step is to answer the question: How can we best raise the quality of early child care for all children? Ecological systems theory draws our attention to the importance of placing this question in the context of family processes, parental employment, governmental policies, and societal beliefs and goals when developing theoretical models and models for practice. We must integrate our societal goals of supporting healthy families, economic self-sufficiency, and women’s employment with our goals of supporting healthy development and school readiness for children, if we expect to advance research and practice in the area of early-child-care quality and children’s development. Recommended Reading Lamb, M.E. (1998). Nonparental child care: Context, quality, correlates. In W. Damon, I.E. Sigel, K.A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice (5th ed., pp. 73–134). New York: John Wiley Sons. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development, Board on Children, Youth, and Families. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early child development (J.P. Shonkoff D.A. Phillips, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Family and Work Policies. (2003). (See References) Phillips, D.A., Voran, M.N., Kisker, E., Howes, C., Whitebook, M. (1994). (See References) REFERENCES Ahnert, L., Rickert, H., Lamb, M.E. (2000). Shared caregiving: Comparisons between home and child care settings. Developmental Psychology, 36, 339–351. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. Annals of Child Development, 6, 187–249. Harms, T., Clifford, R.M., Cryer, D. (1998). Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale: Revised edition. New York: Teachers College Press. Henly, J.R., Lyons, S. (2000). The negotiation of child care and employment demands among low-income parents. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 683–706. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Family and Work Policies. (2003). Working families and growing kids: Caring for children and adolescents (E. Volume 13—Number 4 167 Nancy L. Marshall Smolensky J.A. Gootman, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved August 14, 2003, from http://www.nap.edu/openbook/ 0309087031/html/R1.html NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457–492. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2002). Child-care structure! process! outcome: Direct and indirect effects of child-care quality on young children’s development. Psychological Science, 13, 199–206. Peisner-Feinberg, E.S., Burchinal, M.R., Clifford, R.M. (2001). The relation of preschool child-care quality to children’s cognitive and social developmental trajectories through second grade. Child Development, 72, 1534–1553. Phillips, D.A., Voran, M.N., Kisker, E., Howes, C., Whitebook, M. (1994). Child care for children in poverty: Opportunity or inequity? Child Development, 65, 472–492. Singer, J.D., Fuller, B., Keiley, M.K., Wolf, A. (1998). Early child-care selection: Variation by geographic location, maternal characteristics, and family structure. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1129–1144.

Examinations on the Dismantling of Canadian Multiculturalism in Rawi Ha

Rawi Hage’s Cockroach focuses on an unnamed immigrant of unclear, perhaps Lebanese, origin as he struggles to fit into his new life in Canada. The protagonist throughout the novel struggles to assimilate into Canadian culture, undermining people’s desire for him to integrate through imagining himself as a cockroach that scurries beneath society. By doing this, and through showing memories of his character’s traumatic past, Hage signifies the struggles, which many immigrants from warring countries face, in migrating to North America, contrasting the image Canada mostly promotes as being multicultural. Jesse Hutchinson proposes that the space created by Hage where the immigrant exists between the cultures of their homeland and their new country’s, is one of possibilities and where the protagonist can retain his cultural freedom (11), while Domenic A. Beneventi examines the class divides present between the privileged and the poor, noting how the latter exper iences the city space as a place of poverty (263). Indeed, I am interested in the concept of multiculturalism through how Hage represents his immigrant characters, demonstrating that idea of Canada’s multiculturalism as flawed. Syrine Hout discusses trauma and its lasting effects on immigrant Lebanese writers and how their writing of traumatic events creates a lasting memorial to the Lebanese civil war effects (330), which I will draw upon to study how Hage gives voice to immigrants who struggle with memories of their old culture as well as fitting into their new country. This paper will examine the techniques used by Hage to give representation to the turmoil faced by struggling immigrants as they attempt integration into the supposed multiculturalism of Canadian society. Exami... ...s on much of the time. While there are many immigrants who arrive and assimilate easily into Canada, Hage gives voice to the ones who do not, the ones most often overlooked. This creates a novel that maybe speaks to all identities of immigrants, creating a work that can truly be called multicultural. Works Cited Beneventi, Domenic A. "Montreal Underground." Journal of Canadian Studies 46.3 (2012): 263-286. Web. 24 March 2014. Hage, Rawi. Cockroach. Toronto: Anansi Press, 2008. Hout, Syrine. "Cultural hybridity, trauma, and memory in diasporic anglophone Lebanese fiction." Journal of Postcolonial Writing 47.3 (2011): 330-342. Web. 24 March 2014. Hutchinson, Jesse. "Immigration and Liminality in Rawi Hage’s Cockroach." Veljanova, Irena C. . Perception, Meaning and Identity. Ed. Irena C. Veljanova. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 2010. 1-14. Web. 24 March 2014.

Intoxication: Not a Defence for Crime

Intoxication: Not a Defence for Crime There has been too many times where intoxication was used as a defence in criminal cases where it should not have been considered as a defence. Intoxication in criminal cases and whether it should be considered or not considered as a defence is very controversial. Voluntary intoxication should not be considered as a defence of crime.The main arguments against using intoxication as a defence are: the degree of proof required to prove intoxication is not sufficient, it is unfair to the victim if the accused gets away with a lighter sentence or no sentence at all because of the defence of intoxication, and last, in the case of voluntary intoxication, the mens rea should be considered satisfied toward general intent crimes. Analyzing these arguments proves that voluntary intoxication should not be used as a defence for criminal cases.The degree of proof required to prove intoxication is not rigorous enough. The degree of proof required to prove intox ication is balance of probabilities. When dealing with a serious charge, such as murder or sexual assault, the degree of proof for intoxication should be beyond a reasonable doubt, just like the prosecution is required to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt to convict the accused. There can be cases where intoxication might have occurred post offence and used as a defence to avoid penalties or punishment.For example, Mr. X bought a bottle of alcohol at 5 PM and went home. He killed his wife with a knife at 7 PM. After killing his wife, he started drinking and became extremely intoxicated. At 9 PM, his son came home and found his mother (wife of Mr. X) dead and his father (Mr. X) unconscious with a bloody knife close to him. The son called the police and the father was arrested with police charging the father with murder. The accused, Mr. X, went on to claim intoxication as a part of his defence.The charge was reduced to manslaughter. This example shows that the degree of proo f required proving intoxication is not rigorous enough. Mr. X began drinking after he killed his wife, however because there was no witness, the claim of Mr. X that he was intoxicated at the time of his wife’s murder cannot be effectively refuted and he would be tried for a lesser charge. Mr. X was able to reduce his charge by making a false statement while not having to prove that statement. That is obstruction of justice and perjury. If ntoxication was not allowed to be used as a defence of intent of the crime, Mr. X would not be able to get his charge reduced and therefore he would be charged with the crime that he actually committed. If intoxication is used as a defence for crime and the accused receives a lighter sentence or no sentence at all, it is unfair to the victim. If a person has been sexually assaulted by someone who was intoxicated, is it not the victim’s right to see justice being served? R. v. Daviault, [1994] 3 S. C. R. 63 is a case where Mr.Daviault sexually assaulted an elderly woman with a disability during extreme intoxication. This is a controversial case because of the argument made by Justice Cory that if Daviault had only been a â€Å"little† drunk, he may have had the mental ability to make the decision that he should not sexually assault the victim. In this case, it was established that the defence of intoxication could only be used in cases of â€Å"extreme† intoxication such as this. This case is an example of exceptional circumstances where extreme intoxication was proven beyond a reasonable doubt.The disabled elderly woman who was the victim of this case still suffered and does not even have the satisfaction of knowing that the person that wronged her may not be punished. The degree of intoxication may not even matter in most sexual assault cases. Research suggests that intoxication is merely used as an excuse to get away with the crime. On Canlii. org (Canadian Legal Information Institute), only a sm all percentage of sexual assault cases involved incest while intoxicated. Canlii. org showed the difference in search results of sexual assaults due to intoxication and incest due to intoxication. 490 cases were found of sexual assault while intoxicated and 121 cases were found of incest while intoxicated. One could question that if a sexual offender, while intoxicated, has the mental ability to distinguish between a related and unrelated person, then that offender has the mental ability to have the reasonable mind set to know the consequences of sexual assault and that it is illegal. Further to the research on Canlii. org, the use of intoxication as a defence encourages crime while being insensitive to the needs and rights of the victim.For example, a victim of sexual assault may be labelled as â€Å"available† or worse, hurtful words that may lead to psychological issues. A lighter sentence to the perpetrator would not help the psychological damage that victim has to deal w ith. Instead it might be worse because the victim may feel that they have been wronged for the second time; the second time being by the justice system. There are always precautions that can be taken to avoid situations when one is voluntarily intoxicated. R. v. Mascarenhas, [2002] 60 O. R (3d) 465 (C. A. ) is a case of driving under the influence.In this case, Mascarenhas was driving under the influence and killed two pedestrians. This is a general intent crime where a mens rea is not required. The proof of the act, actus reus, is required. Mascarenhas may not have intended to kill the pedestrians but nevertheless, two lives were taken. Mascarenhas cannot use the defence of intoxication for this crime. Precautions could have been taken to avoid the accident. If Mascarenhas had taken reasonable care of himself or possibly had someone to take care of him in voluntary intoxication, driving under the influence would have been avoided and therefore the pedestrians might still be alive.T his connects to criminal negligence. Mascarenhas disregarded the safety of others and therefore was also sentenced for being criminally negligent. During voluntary intoxication, a person should be responsible his or her own actions. Mascarenhas was convicted with criminal negligence, impaired operation of a motor vehicle as well as other convictions. This case is a good example of when the justice system made the right decision. The mens rea of an intoxicated person was not taken into consideration since the law does not require mens rea as a part of a general intent crime.Other crimes should also be dealt in the same manner and consider mens rea satisfied if the person was voluntarily intoxicated. Based on the analysis of the arguments that voluntary intoxication does not require a sufficient amount of proof, that it is unfair to the victim, and that the mens rea is considered to be satisfied in the case of intoxication in general intent crimes, it is safe to say that voluntary int oxication should not be used as a defence in criminal offences. Criminals who are voluntarily intoxicated and commit a crime deserve the original sentence that comes with the act.The sentence should not be reduced. Voluntary intoxication means that one has the control to decide whether he or she wants to be intoxicated or not. They have the responsibility of reasonable care. Therefore, voluntary intoxication should not be used as a defence of crime. Works Cited: Section 33. 1: Criminal Code (R. S. C. , 1985, c-46) Section 219. 1: Criminal Code (R. S. C. , 1985, c-46) R. v. Mascarenhas, [2002] 60 O. R (3d) 465 (C. A). R. v. Mascarenhas, 2002 CanLII 41625 (ON CA) R. v. Daviault, [1994] 3 S. C. R. 63 R. v.Daviault, 1994 CanLII 61 (SCC), [1994] 3 SCR 63 Lamb, W. Kaye. â€Å"Defence of Intoxication. †Ã‚  The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation, 2007. 1 Sep 2007. http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com. Souper, M. â€Å"General defences – intoxication†. Sixth Form Law. 2000-2008. http://sixthformlaw. info. â€Å"Intoxication and legal defences† Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. The Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013. http://apt. rcpsych. org. Weaver, Rheyanne. â€Å"The Mental Health Consequences of Rape†. EmpowHER, 2012. http:empower. com.

An Incident That Made Me Believe in Fate!!!

An Incident That Made Me Believe In FATE!!! I am choosing that free will exists in our world. I think that I make my own choices every day, but I know that God definitely helps me along the way. Every day I wake up, and I make a decision, should I go back to sleep, lie here looking at the walls, or should I get out of bed and go to class? My story takes place before I was a teenager; I would have to flashback twenty years. What is faith? Is it belief in one’s God? How does one find faith? Can someone that claims to have faith ever doubt? When I was twelve years old, I thought that I was religious. I went to a function with my youth group. In attendance were a great number of kids, I felt lost in the shuffle with so many things going on. Just as I contemplated to sneak away, a boy came over to talk to me, â€Å"How thoughtful,† I said to myself. We sat for a very long time and read the Bible together. It made me feel so special, like I was starting to belong to the group. I felt it was so wonderful that someone took the time to notice me. This experience had a very special meaning to me. One of the most important aspects of teenage life is feeling secure, accepted, and loved. At that moment I felt all those things at one time. My preacher came over to talk with me and wondered why I was sitting all alone. I looked up and realized I was alone. I told her about the boy who had noticed me. We read the bible together, and we talked for hours. She helped me look for him and we couldn’t find him anywhere. I was devastated and had no idea where he could have gone. I had been looking all weekend for the boy who noticed me, only I still couldn’t find him anywhere. That’s when I realized that this was awesome. I know what it is: It is fate or faith? Here I am at a Christian event, and to think I was visited by the Lord. I told the preacher that, and she told me that I need to tell everyone the account of what happened. So there I was, standing in front of this group of kids. I was so anxious, but also calm. The story just flowed out of me. I told everyone what exactly happened to me this weekend. Whether individuals believe in God or not, a person must have a reason for his or her belief. I think fate has dealt me with a wonderful reason to believe in God!!!

Trade in Japan Essay

Trade in Japan Essay Trade in Japan Essay Our Economy: Trade 1. Name the nation you have chosen Japan 2. What goods and services are traded between this nation and Australia? (list the top 10 imports and exports traded) (3 marks) The top 10 goods and services traded (starting from the most traded) are: 1. Coal (export) 2. Iron ore and concentrates (export) 3. Passenger motor vehicles (import) 4. Beef f.c.f. (export) 5. Aluminium (export) 6. Refined petroleum (import) 7. Copper ores and concentrates (export) 8. Coal petroleum (export) 9. Goods vehicles (import) 10. Food and live animals (export) The information above, as well as the total revenue from these imports and exports for 2010-11 are depicted below. According to the Imports and Exports from 2006-11, the top ten imports and exports from Japan has not changed overtime, indicating the stability of these goods and services traded from Australia and Japan. Demand for some goods and services has increased and decreased, but the top ten traded has not changed over the past 5 years. 3. What is the current value (2011) of Australian exports to this country? (2 marks) The current value is $50 441 000 000 (2011) according to ABS. 4. What is the current value (2011) of imports that Australia buys from this nation? (2 marks) The current value is $18 003 000 000 (2011) according to ABS. 5. Outline the changes in these values form 2001 to 2011. Include graphs to support your answer. (4 marks) Imports from Japan has been consistently increasing over 2001 – 2011. This is shown by the red trendline, marking the steady growth of imports from Japan. Imports in 2008 showed a slight increase, with the impact of the GFC in May 2009 producing a major decrease. The significant drop in imports from Japan in April 2011 was due to the earthquakes that hit the Miyagi prefecture, as the Japan government banned all shipments of beef cattle due to fear of radioactive contamination. Exports to Japan has also been consistently growing, as shown by the red trendline. The substantial increase in October 2008 was due to the Bank of Japan’s decision to suspend selling of stocks, which resulted in Japan becoming heavily reliant on exports. 6. Analyse the impact of these changes on Australia business, consumers and investors. Who has been advantaged and who has been disadvantaged? (5 marks) Australian businesses are advantaged during the significant increase during October 2008, due to Japan’s short term reliance on imports. This includes higher demand for coal and iron ore, due to Japan’s few natural resources. Businesses that are disadvantaged overall would be the agricultural sector, as Japan has one of the most protected farms in the world. Consumers were disadvantaged during the substantial decrease in imports from Japan during April 2011, which was as a result from the Japan earthquakes. This meant that the supply of Japan beef would have dropped a considerable amount, due to the Japan government’s decision to temporarily ban beef from the earthquake areas due to fear of radioactive contamination. Investors wanting to trade the Japanese yen would have had a major disadvantage during October 2008, as the Japanese government had decided to suspend selling stocks to ensure their market stability. This action taken was in effect until the end of March 2010. Banks were also disadvantaged by the damaged consumer confidence in global stock markets, as shares suffered losses throughout 2008 to early 2009. 7. Examine the Australian government’s attempt to manage these trends in trade. (eg. Trade

The Target Population Assignment-Phoenix, Arizona Essay

The Target Population Assignment-Phoenix, Arizona - Essay Example The median age of this area is 32.2 years old. The target customers that I have chosen fall between 25 and 59 years old. The total population between 25 to 60 years old is 702,301, and its percentage is 48.6% out of 100%. The total population of female is 671,176 and the population of male is 649,285. This implies that the targeted population constitutes 48.6 % of the total population. This figure is quite large and it can sustain the business of a restaurant. The educational attainment of most people in Phoenix, Arizona is mixed. Some people have gone as far as college but they have no degrees. Around 23% of the people reached high school. Only 15.1% of the population has got bachelor’s degree. These statistics are likely to have a bearing on the behaviour of the targeted consumers towards the products and services going to be offered. Most people in Phoenix, Arizona are doing management, professional and related occupations. Also, around 177,600 People in Phoenix, Arizona are sales and office occupations. Only 0.3% people are doing farming, fishing and forestry occupations. A critical analysis of the population statistics for Phoenix, Arizona shows that the area presents good opportunities for establishing restaurant business. The total population of the whole area is 1, 321, 045 and the targeted population is between 25 and 59 years constituting about 700 000 of the total population. What is encouraging about the statistics presented is that about 66% of the targeted audiences go to work and only 3,7 % is unemployed. On average, the level of income of the targeted consumers for restaurant business is above average and this can sustain business. There are positive indicators that show that the welfare of the people in this area is not very bad and new business initiative including a restaurant can be

Family nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family nursing - Essay Example Mr. L lives in three-bedroom condo in residential areas. Living room and kitchen are on the first floor, and bedrooms and bathrooms are on the second floor. The house has a hardwood floor and there is a small rug under the sofa. The air conditioner is in the living room, and there are small fans in all the bedrooms. Family members take off their shoes before entering the house, and wear slippers. Mr. L was diagnosed with DM ten years ago, and now he is administered insulin injections. He often comes to visit his primary doctor because he has swollen ankles and 0.2cm by 0.2 cm foot ulcer on his big toe. He denies any other health problems or surgery history. The family is in the stage of launching the young adults because Mr. L’s youngest child got married in 2010, and a grandson was born last year. Children talk to Mrs. L easily but they rarely talk to Mr. L. All children want to have only one child because they feel that they would be burdened by responsibilities if they will plan more children. Whenever Mr. And Mrs. L’s children face any problem regarding the new born they take advice from their mother and Mrs. L has always responded to them gladly. .Mr. And Mrs. L rarely talk to each other. However, Mrs. L is always concerned about her spouse and his chronic health condition. Mrs. L cooks brown rice instead of white rice because she knows brown rice is good for health, and also helps to reduce blood sugar level for patients who have been diagnosed with DM. Dysfunctional communication patterns are observed between husband and wife. Communication patterns are one way. The husband asks his wife to do the certain job for him and the wife does it without raising any question. While watching the news, the husband discusses his opinion on the news, and the wife too tells her opinion but if somehow wife does not agree with the husband regarding his opinions, husband’s voice gets higher and insists that his opinion is right which leads to cessati on of communication between husband and wife. Affective messages are not exchanged between husband and wife. The wife is verbally and physically warm and close to her three children. Also, the children are affectionate to their mother. However, the husband only expresses warm feeling towards his oldest daughter, and has no warm words for the other two children. Life partners in this case, never express and share their internal warm feelings which they have for each other. Whenever the husband informs the wife about the problems that their family has exhibited, the wife angrily rolls her eyes at husband .It shows an incongruent message. Dysfunctional communication processes are seen in spouses. The husband himself assumes and makes decisions for his wife. While children plan a family vacation, Mr. L comes up with the argument based on his own assumptions that his wife is not interested in going anywhere. Close communication depicts the inner feelings between husband and wife. Cultura l variable affects the communication factor between the couple because they were born and raised in China. In this case, the male is dominant in the house, and wife is submissive negotiating the fact that they follow western culture where the couples are egalitarian. The husband makes all the big decisions of family by himself and does not take any advice from his wife or children.. The wife usually follows his decision without asking

The Coercion used in Continental Army Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The Coercion used in Continental Army - Essay Example Very little scholarly work had been done on military discipline and enforcement in the American army during the Revolutionary War. The neglect is not for lack f source material. Thousands f orderly books, manuals f instruction, court martial transcripts, and other primary sources exist in private collections and in local and national repositories, including the National Archives and the Library f Congress. Most f this material is readily available to researchers, and some f it, most notably in George Washington's papers, has appeared in print. Ward is the first historian to examine the primary sources in depth, however, and he has written a pioneering study f a very important element in the military history f the Revolutionary War. Washington was no touchy-feely general. As Ward explains, he developed his understanding f military discipline from study and observation f British practices during the French and Indian War. Discipline during that war followed standard eighteenth-century practice. Penalties were cruel--from whipping and riding the wooden horse to public hanging--and intended to terrify rather than to correct. Washington was as enthusiastic as any other officer in applying this discipline, often more so. And in the Revolutionary War, he made tough discipline a centerpiece f his military philosophy. The relatively democratic, easy-going methods common to the New England militia in early 1775 were not for him; and on taking command f the Continental Army later that year, he quickly instilled an authoritarian, hierarchic system that came down hard on everything from cowardice and desertion to foul language, gambling, and female camp followers. Ward's focus is less on policy formulation than on the effect that Washington's discipline--developed in consultation with Congress and the generals--had on the common soldiers. This emphasis on the average man helps to keep the book far more fresh and exciting than any purely administrative study. At all levels, from officers' guards, pickets, and police, to provost guards, executioners, and field musicians, Ward explores what it meant to live under Continental Army discipline, making use f numerous interesting anecdotes. At times, Ward's tendency to hop from one topic to another makes for haphazard reading, but the narrative, though at times awkwardly written, never loses interest. What is missing is a coherent overall sense f how military discipline evolved during the war, and particularly f how lessons learned during the course f the conflict influenced the development f U.S. Army discipline in succeeding eras. The book lacks a concluding chapter to bring all f the loose ends tog ether, instead ending rather abruptly with a discussion f military executions. Still, there is no question that Ward has written the definitive study f American military discipline during the Revolutionary War. The inability to adequately equip the troops stemmed from the structure f the Commissary Department, and its adjunct, the Quartermaster Department. Military officers normally headed these departments, but

The Silent Language Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Silent Language - Assignment Example In his book ‘, Edward T. Hall notes down the importance of mastering these skills for an American, who aspires to conduct successful business abroad (Cardon, 2008). This paper will, therefore, evaluate the important things that an American businessman needs to familiarize with while in a foreign land as addressed in The Silent Language in Overseas Business (Hall, 1960). Some things are acceptable in one culture, but may also be offensive in another culture. For instance, as Hall notes, an American will realize that a Latin American time might be quite spontaneous with their time, but when doing business with an Arab, he will realize that Arabs will tolerate interruptions in between. However, that will not lessen the seriousness of the business being conducted. With this in mind, an American should seek to understand the various cultural practices in a foreign state by acquainting himself or herself with the social, ethnic and economic dissimilarities of the people in that state. As Hall has stated, an understanding of various cultural differences will go a long way to make business transactions quite easier to conduct (Cardon, 2008). This includes an understanding of the communication in terms of time, space, material possessions, friendship patterns, and agreements. Hall makes it clear that people’s actions can act as a perfect means of conv ersing in one culture, while in others; it is words that do most of the expression (Hall, 1960). A person’s behavior communicates a lot and so are the attitudes and material possessions. Cultural interactions, according to Hall, can be explained in three levels; formal, informal, and technical. Formal forms include those instances when one does something inappropriately but is corrected and shown the right way. Informal involves learning the ways of a certain people by imitating them. Technical forms of learning, on their other hand, are similar to the experience of a teacher to a student (Hall, 19560).  

The role of an Operations Manager

The role of an Operations Manager Operation management is the business function that plans, organizes, coordinates, and controls the resources needed to produce a companys goods and services. Operations management is a management function. It involves managing people, equipment, technology, information, and many other resources. Operation management is the central core function of every company. This is true whether the company is large or small, provides a physical good or service, is for profit or not for profit. Every company has an operations management function. Actually all the other organizational functions are there primarily to support the operations function. Without operations, there would be no goods or services to sell. The marketing function provides the needed capital. It is the operations function, however, that plans and coordinates all the resources needed to design, produce, and deliver the merchandise to the various retail locations. Without operations, there would be no good or services to sell t o customers. The role of operations management is to transform a companys inputs into the finished goods or services. Inputs include human resources, facilities and processes, as well as materials, technology, information. Outputs are the goods and services a company produces. LOreal is one of the leading cosmetics companies in the world. It has already been operating a Citrix terminal server farm for several years. However, by early 2004, the tried and tested manual installation practiced by the administrators had reached its limits, leading to instability in the system. LOreal was able to fully automate the installation of its terminal servers and thus considerably increase the stability and its IT infrastructure. LOreal beauty products with the range of cosmetics stylings products for men and women. LOreal has developed activities in the field of cosmetics, concentrating on hair colour, skin care, sun protection, makeup, perfumes and hair care. LOreal is active in the dermatological and pharmaceutical fields. Role of the Operations Managers Some people (especially those professionally involved in operations management!) argue that operations management involves everything an organisation does. In this sense, every manager is an operations manager, since all managers are responsible for contributing to the activities required to create and deliver an organisations goods or services. However, others argue that this definition is too wide, and that the operations function is about producing the right amount of a good or service, at the right time, of the right quality and at the right cost to meet customer requirements. Operations managers are responsible for managing activities that are part of the production of goods and services. Their direct responsibilities include managing both the operations process, embracing design, planning, control, performance improvement, and operations strategy. Their indirect responsibilities include interacting with those managers in other functional areas within the organisation whose roles have an impact on operations. Such areas include marketing, finance, accounting, personnel and engineering. Operations managers responsibilities include: Human resource management the people employed by an organisation either work directly to create a good or service or provide support to those who do. People and the way they are managed are a key resource of all organisations. Asset management an organisations buildings, facilities, equipment and stock are directly involved in or support the operations function. Cost management most of the costs of producing goods or services are directly related to the costs of acquiring resources, transforming them or delivering them to customers. For many organisations in the private sector, driving down costs through efficient operations management gives them a critical competitive edge. For organisations in the not-for-profit sector, the ability to manage costs is no less important. Decision making is a central role of all operations managers. Decisions need to be made in: designing the operations system managing the operations system improving the operations system. The five main kinds of decision in each of these relate to: the processes by which goods and services are produced the quality of goods or services the quantity of goods or services (the capacity of operations) the stock of materials (inventory) needed to produce goods or services the management of human resources. Operational strategy The operational side of marketing refers to the day by day tactics of how to manage things like advertising, pricing, and so on. It is just the same with operations. Operations strategy looks at the long-term issues of how to manage the resources which produce products and services. The more operational subject of operations management looks at the more detailed and shop floor issues of designing, planning and controlling, and improving the resources which produce products and services. Operations strategy is concerned with the specific decisions which shape and develop the long-term direction of the operation. Think of content as the building blocks of an operations strategy. The process of operations strategy refers to the procedures which are used to formulate operations strategies. It is the way we go about the activity of devising strategy. Think of operations strategy content as what the LOreal is deciding to do and process as how the LOreal has made that decision. The market requirements perspective starts from the commonsense notion that any operations strategy should reflect what the LOreal is trying to do in its markets. Companies compete in different ways, some may compete primarily on cost, others on the excellence of their products or services, others on high levels of customer service, others on customising their products and services to individual customer needs, and so on. The operations function therefore must respond to this by providing the capabilities which allow it perform in an appropriate manner to satisfy the requirements of its market. In some ways this is a translation task because the techniques and language used by marketing managers to understand the requirements of markets are different to the language and techniques used by operations managers to manage their productive resources. LOreals goals and objectives LOreal USA is the leading beauty company in America, which develops and manufactures haircare, haircolor, skincare, color cosmetics and fragrances. Our distribution network of salons, mass market, specialty and department stores makes us the most comprehensive beauty company in the U.S. We offer exciting positions, flexible development paths and outstanding rewards that will give your career a whole new look. The LOreal Sales Education Coordinator (LSEC) is an employee of Salon Centric, a wholly owned subsidiary distributor of LOreal USA. Salon Centric is a leading and rapidly growing national wholesale distributor of professional products to the salon and beauty industry. This position will be responsible for the development, management and execution of all education strategy and efforts within the assigned territory for the LOreal brands. RESPONSIBILITIES: Coordinate and participate in monthly sales meetings. Coordinate and facilitate regional quarterly trainings and certifications. Development, presentation and management of Elite salons education plans. Facilitate trainings for new sales consultants and participate in training boot camp. Must work in alliance with the respective Prestige Account Manager in the achievement of the regions goals and objectives. Teach a minimum of 12 classes per month, facilitate hands on workshops and coordinate cluster classes. Presentation of LOreal world tour, academy programs and strictly business programs. Shadow and mentoring of new LOreal Sales Education Coordinators and LOreal Artistic Educators. Open new color conversions and retail doors for Serie Expert, Texture Expert, Homme product lines Responsible for the delivery of strategic education classes, events and programs. Coordinate communication flow between key partners including LOreal Professionnel, SalonCentric and the customer. Provide support for salon specific events promotions. CONCLUSION In a nutshell, LOreal is one of the leading cosmetics companies in the world. They are very innovative and invest a lot of money in research and development. Products are positioned in high-priced segment because of their quality. They offer well coordinated products for different target groups. To keep their strength alive they have to observe their competitors. It is a very flexible development paths and outstanding rewards that will give your career a whole new look. LOreal will benefit from the end of destocking, easier comparison base and increased innovation.For next year, a return to 4% growth would require to keep a high single digit growth momentum in the Rest of the World and to return to low single digit growth in developed market, which we feel is a realistic assumption. However, most of it will be offset by a negative forex impact based on current rates.