Middle eastern music final question examples Essay Example

Middle eastern music final question examples Paper The Egyptians and the Arab audiences in general felt connected to Kulthum because they heard their own stories in her songs and she represented and supported the Arab world through her performances One learns that her old fashioned ways included a preference to be interviewed without the means of recording t/f true Kulthum insisted that her band musicians had to learn new songs aurally she was against the use of music scores t/f true Kulthums roots were within the egyptian countryside; she was from a poor religious family She began her singing career as a child, along her fathers side, singing at religious celebrations (mulids) When she moved to Cairo in the 1920s, the city was thriving and cosmopolitan, but under British rule The technology that mostly promoted her career was radio Kulthum supported the 1952 revolution and Nasser. True or False? True Kulthum supported King Farouk and the British. True or False? False Kulthum financially supported the Egyptian government in the 1960s. True or False? True The Egyptians compared Kulthum with pyramids Kulthums stage presence: Which TWO of the following statements are true? 1. She encouraged people to dance along with her on the stage. 2. She used to hold a handkerchief as her personal trademark. 3. She looked very formal. 2 and 3 Some of the interviewees seemed eager to sing their personal Kulthum favorite song in front of the camera Kulthum was praised for her strong sense of nationalism. true Kulthums improvisational / embellishment skills are associated with: the concept and manifestation of tarab Which of the following is not a characteristic of classical music genres (consider both western and Arab classical music genres)? old, historical, large ensembles, formal context (all of the above) During the late 19th century, this music was performed in all but one of the following venues: Village/Rural weddings One of the following musical instruments is not included in the core takht ensemble: tabla The nay has a characteristic _______________ timbre. breathy The only zither chordophone in the takht ensemble is the: qanun One of the following musical genres is not part of the wasla form: shabi The highly expressive Layali (featured in track 14) is an improvisatory genre. true Track 14 is non-metrical. true Track 12 uses the __________ iqa. samai The iqa in the taqtuqa Il bahr nayim is played by the: riqq Which of the following is not an example of the expressions shouted out by the audience when experiencing tarab (refer to What makes Arab music unique on the content tab)? oh my eye what did we do to you to do this? are you trying to make us die today? (all of them) Is Music Haram? Which one of the following is true? the issue is contentious In an effort to address the issue of permissibility of music, Islamic scholars primarily look into: the quran and the hadith One of the following types of music has suffered much less from censorship that the rest: chanted poetry The following aspect is taken in consideration when examining the permissibility of a piece of music: context and content of lyrics In Turkey under Kemal Ataturk (see the related video Be Happy, its an Order on the content tab), the villagers were forced to listen to: western classical music Sufis (followers of Sufism, which is the mystical branch of Islam): embrace music as part of their rituals According to the hadith reviewed in the textbook, frame drums: are halal The interpolation of religious lyrics in a pop song is generally considered: blasphemous In Pop music; singing of a beloved homeland (see content tab), we learn that Islamic extremists banned rai claiming that: it embraced Western ways and featured sexually explicit lyrics Right after the Islamic revolution of 1979: Several Iranian singers left the country since music was banned Sherry Bijan and 3P (see their related music videos on the content tab), contemporary Iranian female singers, dont show their faces on their music videos because: if caught, they may be sentenced Iranian rap is: thriving but mostly underground Amr Diab is a singer of: shababi The song Albi ikhtarak: has similarities w/ Santanas smooth and has Latin/Spanish influences Tamally maak: is a shababi song and features a guitar The lyrics of Is salamu alaykum are more poetic that those of Tamally maak true or false false The Egyptian authorities frowned upon Hakim because of his use of the expression is-salamu alaykum shabi songs are upbeat and feature memorable choruses and have their roots in folk music Shabi emerged in the 1970s because the times were prosperous. true of false false Shabi emerged in the 1970s at a time when the Egyptians were looking for an alternative sound to that of Umm Kulthum and the old masters of tarab music. true of false true The sound of early shabi (listen to Ahmed Adawiyyas Bent El Sultan located on the content tab) sounds closer to classical Arab music with its use of a large firqa orchestra. true or false false Shabi music keeps the following musical elements of past musical traditions (tip: read textbook carefully; see close to the end of the chapter): iqa and maqam and call and response The lyrics of Hakims Il-kalam da kabir (textbook CD track 26) talk about a fathers agony in search of his lost son. true or false false Il-kalam da kabir (textbook CD track 26) features the ___________ iqa. saidi Contemporary shabi music (listen to Egypt 3 Cairo underground on the content tab): incorporates DJs and samples The shabi song Youll go to hell (listen to Egypt 3 Cairo underground on the content tab) targets singers who appear on sexually provocative music videos

Free Essays on Anselm

First we must understand that Anselm believed that faith and reason are two sources of human knowledge. Faith must be that starting point in the search for truth. â€Å"For I do not seek to understand in order that I may believe, but I believe in order that I may understand.† The concept of fittingness as a philosophical criterion basically states that if something makes so much sense and seems to be perfect, and cannot proved otherwise, then it is true. When we keep in mind the quote given to us, â€Å"If a thing must be and if can be, then it is.† Then we must also keep in mind the question presented to Anselm which is: For what reason or necessity did God become man and by his death restore life to the world, when he could have done this through any other person, or by sheer act of will? The reply to this question is, it was necessary for God to redeem man for his sins in the way he did. When we say necessary we mean it needed to be. So, if in fact man needed to be saved, then for Anselm it must have been done this way, according to the picture, for it is the best and most fitting way for God to have saved man. For Anselm the question for the nature of mans happiness, or eternal happiness with God, is illustrated in the picture or the scripture that is given to us. The picture is not only fitting for Anselm, but it is appropriate and above all it is perfect. If something is necessary, fitting, appropriate and perfect, then why not believed it. This concept proves that either by faith or not, the story has no imperfections and by reason we can conclude that God acted in the way he did, by become a Man-God and taking on the lowest form of human nature, born of a woman and died, because it was the best and most fitting way to save man from sin and reconcile man for debt the man could not repay. Furthermore, it would be unfitting for God to show or reveal to man a happiness that could not be achieved by man due to ... Free Essays on Anselm Free Essays on Anselm First we must understand that Anselm believed that faith and reason are two sources of human knowledge. Faith must be that starting point in the search for truth. â€Å"For I do not seek to understand in order that I may believe, but I believe in order that I may understand.† The concept of fittingness as a philosophical criterion basically states that if something makes so much sense and seems to be perfect, and cannot proved otherwise, then it is true. When we keep in mind the quote given to us, â€Å"If a thing must be and if can be, then it is.† Then we must also keep in mind the question presented to Anselm which is: For what reason or necessity did God become man and by his death restore life to the world, when he could have done this through any other person, or by sheer act of will? The reply to this question is, it was necessary for God to redeem man for his sins in the way he did. When we say necessary we mean it needed to be. So, if in fact man needed to be saved, then for Anselm it must have been done this way, according to the picture, for it is the best and most fitting way for God to have saved man. For Anselm the question for the nature of mans happiness, or eternal happiness with God, is illustrated in the picture or the scripture that is given to us. The picture is not only fitting for Anselm, but it is appropriate and above all it is perfect. If something is necessary, fitting, appropriate and perfect, then why not believed it. This concept proves that either by faith or not, the story has no imperfections and by reason we can conclude that God acted in the way he did, by become a Man-God and taking on the lowest form of human nature, born of a woman and died, because it was the best and most fitting way to save man from sin and reconcile man for debt the man could not repay. Furthermore, it would be unfitting for God to show or reveal to man a happiness that could not be achieved by man due to ...

Analyzing Paul Cezannes Post Impressionistic Painting Still Life With A Curtain

Analyzing Paul Cezanne's Post Impressionistic Painting Still Life With A Curtain Final Paper Instead of being interested in the lighting and phenomenon of color, post impressionists move towards bright colors and sharp edges. The artists of the post impressionistic period chose not to work together because there work focused on what they each individually felt including theories, goals, and views of the world. I chose Paul Cezannes painting entitled Still Life With a Curtain, an oil on canvas that some consider one of his best and most influential still lives. When you look at this painting, I first notice the preservation and display of the bright colors, specifically the oranges and the flower pot. Even the off white table cloth which appears to be filthy contrasts with the other colors to make them seem even brighter. Paul Cezanne was a french artist and post impressionist painter who helped transition to a new world of art in the 20th century. His brushstrokes are highly recognizable in the art world as was moving to explore new methods. Many artists take Cezannes final twenty years of his life being spent in the south of France as an inspiration, as if he gave everything up in the name of art. Van Gogh, Cezanne, Gaugine and vuillard are some of my personal favorite Post Impressionistic painters. I have chosen to write about Cezanne because I like the way he analyzes nature. Cezanne was never into the way impressionists tried to mimic the specific look and feel of nature, instead he was interested in still lifes. You can see is his later watercolors and landscapes the pattern of his brushstrokes always overlapping. This was a precursor to cubism. He insisted on personal expression through his art, which was a major part of the post impressionistic movement. He believed that there was a hidden ord er in nature and it could be displayed in a non traditional way, such as with a simple painting of fruit and a flower pot on a slanted table. Although his paintings remained to be abstract, you can still easily recognize the objects in them. Although Cezannes piece Still Life With A Curtain and Van Goghs Starry Night seem to be very different from each other, they are from the same post impressionist period. Both pieces of art contain sharp edges, the use of bright colors, and a personal touch from the artist. Below, I have placed a picture of Van Goghs Starry Night alongside Cezannes painting. Both Cezanne and Van Gogh worked with unique styles to show there own interests through their artwork. For example, you can sense Van Goghs love of religion and nature through his painting of Starry Night by the emotional swirls in the sky and by the size of the stars. When we see stars at night they are not that large, but Van Gogh evokes his emotions and love for the stars through the sheer size he paints them. We see them as tiny spots in the sky, but he views them as massive beautiful swirls of light. Invoking personal interests is an important part of post impressionism. Cezanne wanted to re-create the world in the way he see s it through his art, and he did this through his use of bright colors to give his the fruit in his painting a more round shape. Both artists took an interest in the Provencal countryside. In both these paintings, I believe Cezanne and Van Gogh are attempting to show what they believe to be the hidden order of nature. They abandon the illusionist views of background and foreground and instead create there own idea of pictorial space. Although the paintings are seen as abstract, you can still clearly pick out the objects in the scenes. For example, you can clearly see that those are stars and a church in Van Goghs Starry Night, and at the same time you can see that Cezanne is painting fruit on the table. He is the father of modern art and lead the way for artists like Picasso to come along and flatten the picture plane out, which is what modernism is for many people, the move toward abstraction and flatness in a picture plane. He was interested in sacrificing illusionist flatness for a psychological depth. The paintings show a clear picture of C?zannes intense study of his subjects because of the great detail he goes into, but also his inner struggle with complicated field of human visual perception. Both artists are great examples of post impressionism and its move towards Cubism.

Interpreting Financial Results Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interpreting Financial Results - Essay Example l turnover reduced in the year 2011 and 2012 .The working capital ratio also reduced in the year 2013.This ratio indicates the extent to which, the working capital has been utilized in the creation of sales revenue. This is computed by dividing the total number of the days by the inventory turnover. ITT Co.s average inventory processing period increased in the year 2011 and 2012.However, the ratio slightly reduced in the year 2013. This is the sum of the inventory-processing period plus the average revenue collection period. Boeing Co.s operating cycle improved from 2011 to 2012 but then deteriorated significantly from 2012 to 2013. Average Payables Payment Period is the period the company takes to pay its creditors. The payment period is computed by dividing the total number of payables by payable turnover ratio. ITT Co.s average payables payment period reduced in the year 2011 and 2012 (Bruce, 2009).Additionally, the ratio also reduced in the year

Corporate Social Responsibilities report Assignment

Corporate Social Responsibilities report - Assignment Example The company ensures environmental sustainability through incorporating best practices which reduces impact on environment. Wendy is more concerned about people and believes in giving something extra to stakeholders apart from offering superior quality food choices. This organization serves local communities and takes active measures to minimize any form of societal issues. On the contrary, the Subway system is inclined towards providing healthier and tasty food choices. The company attempts to reduce environmental impact and structures effective programs for local communities. Sustainable sourcing is one of the corporate social responsibility activities undertaken by the company. It maintains a strict code for vendors and streamlines supply chain activities. Safety standards and high food quality are maintained by the organization and they are involved in reducing water conservation, energy utilization, etc. They even serve local communities through large number of donations and spon sorships. Subway is an active participant in context of extending support to educational institutions and local charities. Wendy’s and Subway forms a major part of the food industry. The companies are actively involved in providing superior quality foods to customers. Nutrition and health standards are taken into consideration while manufacturing food products. Environmental sustainability is a common approach adopted by both the companies. There are different practices adopted by the firms in order to enhance environmental sustainability. Environmental friendly practices are common for both the organizations. They are actively indulged in reducing level of water or energy conservation. This is an important corporate social responsibility approach and it needs to be focused on by all companies. However both the companies have initiated different programs so as to ensure that their

The Quality of Early Child Care and Children’s Development Essay Example for Free

The Quality of Early Child Care and Children’s Development Essay ABSTRACT—The past half-century saw dramatic changes in families that altered the daily experiences of many young children. As more mothers of young children entered the labor force, increasing numbers of young children spent substantial hours in various child-care settings. These changes gave rise to a large body of research on the impact of the quality of early child care on children’s development. However, a full understanding of the role of the quality of early child care requires consideration of the interplay among child care, family, workplace, and society. This article places what we know about the quality of early child care and children’s development in this larger ecological context, and suggests directions for future research and practice. The past half-century saw dramatic changes in families that altered the daily experiences of many young children. In 1970, only 24% of mothers with a young child (birth through age 3) were in the labor force; by 2000, this figure had risen to 57%. This growth in maternal employment was accompanied by changes in children’s daily experiences. By 2000, 80% of children under the age of 6 were in some form of nonparental care, spending an average of 40 hours a week in such care (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2003). Research on children’s experiences saw a parallel change that was equally dramatic. Early research in the field focused primarily on the question of whether child care (or maternal employment) per se was good or bad for children; current research asks questions about the relation between children’s development and variations in the quality and quantity of child care that they experience. The field also now recognizes varying types of child care, including center-based care, licensed or regulated home-based care by nonrelatives (family-childcare homes), and other home-based care, such as care by relatives or in-home sitters. There have been methodological advances as well. Early research was more likely to study small samples and examine correlations between child care and children’s outcomes at a single point in time; current research is more likely to involve large samples at multiple sites, to use experimental or quasi-experimental designs, and to follow participants over time. Perhaps the most important advance in child-care research has been theoretical. Early research tended to study the effects of child care in isolation from other significant aspects of children’s lives. Current research is more likely to be grounded in ecological systems theory, which considers children’s development in the context of the child-care system as well as the family system, and recognizes the links between these systems and the larger society. In this article, I focus on one segment of current research on early child care—the links between the quality of child care and children’s development—drawing on ecological systems theory to provide an overview of recent advances and to suggest directions for future research. ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS THEORY AND EARLY CHILD CARE Ecological systems theory places child development in an ecological perspective, in which an individual’s experience is nested within interconnected systems (Bronfenbrenner, 1989). Microsystems, such as families or child-care settings, are characterized by face-to-face connections among individuals. Mesosystems consist of two or more microsystems and the linkages or processes that combine or connect them. These mesosystems exist within the larger context of the exosystem, those settings in which the child does not directly participate but that influence the lives of parents and other adults in the child’s world, such as a parent’s workplace, educational institutions that train child-care teachers and providers, and government agencies that set regulations for child-care facilities or establish welfare-reform policies. The mesosystems and exosystems operate within the context of a macrosystem of societal and cultural beliefs and practices. Note that these systems are not static, but may change over time. The Mesosystem of Family Child Care Children inhabit both families and child-care microsystems, and these systems are linked. Parents select particular types of child care, of varying quality, for children of different ages—and these decisions vary with family structure, parental characteristics, geographical location, and other factors. Singer, Fuller, Keiley, and Wolf (1998) argued that child-care researchers must consider these selection effects if they are to accurately model the impact of child care on children’s development over time. 1 Through their selection of particular child-care arrangements, parents have an indirect impact on their children’s development (in addition to their direct impact within the family system). But this linkage between the family system and child-care system operates in both directions: The child-care system can also influence the family system. For example, Ahnert, Rickert, and Lamb (2000) described a particular mesosystem characterized by shared care; in this mesosystem, mothers adapted their interactions with their toddlers in response to the toddlers’ experiences in child care. The Exosystem The family child-care mesosystem operates within the larger context of the exosystem of parental employment—one of the primary functions of child care is to enable parents, particularly mothers, to work outside the home. Historically, the child-care system has developed in response to characteristics of parents’ employment . For instance, the current child-care system includes child-care centers, which tend to have operating hours that match those of parents who are working weekdays, as well as family-child-care homes and kith-and-kin care, which are more likely to meet the needs of parents who are working evenings, weekends, or variable hours. However, in industries that operate around the clock, particularly those with highly skilled workers such as hospitals, we are more likely to see on-site child-care centers, sick-child care,2 and other accommodations to parents’ employment needs. Another important aspect of the exosystem is government policies and regulations that affect both the demand for child care (such as welfare-reform efforts that require low-income mothers to seek employment) and the affordability of child care. Although the United States provides some child-care subsidies for families, many low- and moderate-income families do not have effective access to subsidies. 3 Given the links between the quality of care and the cost of care, it is not surprising that children in low-income families who are not in the higher-quality, government-subsidized programs tend to receive lower-quality child care than children in middle-income families (cf. Phillips, Voran, Kisker, Howes, Whitebook, 1994). In this way, the exosystem of government policies and regulations provides an important context for the operation of the family ! child-care mesosystem. THE QUALITY OF EARLY CHILD CARE AND CHILDREN’S DEVELOPMENT Using ecological systems theory as a framework, I turn now to the question of the relation between the quality of early child care and children’s development. I begin with a discussion of the concept of quality, and then move on to an overview of what researchers currently know about the role of the quality of early child care in children’s lives. What Is Quality? The underlying assumption of all definitions of quality is that a high quality early-child-care setting is one that supports optimal learning and development. However, quality has been measured in a variety of ways across different studies. Measures of child-care quality can be categorized as either structural or process indicators. Structural characteristics include the child:staff ratio (the number of children per teacher or provider), the group size (number of children in the setting), and the education and specialized training of teachers, providers, or directors. The features of structural quality can be regulated, and most states set minimum standards for at least some aspects of structural quality, at least in center-based care. Studies that assess structural quality are most useful in evaluating the impact of features that can be regulated. Although understanding the links between structural indicators of quality and children’s development is important, we also need to understand the mechanisms by which structural quality affects children’s development, which requires examining what actually happens in the early-care setting (i.e., the process). How do adults and children interact? What materials are available for the children, and how do adults support children’s use of those materials? Process quality refers to the nature of the care that children experience—the warmth, sensitivity, and responsiveness of the caregivers; the emotional tone of the setting; the activities available to children; the developmental appropriateness of activities; and the learning opportunities available to children. Unlike the features of structural quality, process quality is not subject to state or local regulations, and it is harder to measure. One of the more commonly used measures, the Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale (ECERS; Harms, Clifford, Cryer, 1998), assesses multiple aspects of process quality. Such multidimensional process measures tell us much more about the quality of care that children receive than do structural measures alone. Structural Indicators of Quality and Children’s Development What do we know about the links between the structural indicators of quality in early child care and children’s development? The research to date has found that better ratios (fewer children per adult) and more education or training for teachers are associated with higher language, cognitive, and social skills of the children cared for (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2003). However, many of the studies that have examined structural indicators have employed small samples (fewer than 100 children) or have not considered selection effects in their analyses, so studies that do not have these limitations are of particular importance. In an interesting study that assessed the links between structural quality, process quality, and children’s outcomes, the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2002) found that the relation between caregiver training and child-staff ratio, on the one hand, and children’s cognitive and social competence, on the other hand, was mediated by process quality— that is, higher levels of caregiver training and lower ratios of children to adults in child-care settings were associated with higher levels of process quality, which were, in turn, associated with children’s greater cognitive and social competence. Process Quality and Children’s Development Among studies published in the past 15 years, those that employed an ecological model4 consistently found that higher process quality is to greater language and cognitive competence, fewer behavior problems, and more social skills, particularly when multidimensional measures of quality, such as the ECERS, are used or quality is assessed at more than one point in time. For example, the Cost, Quality and Child Outcomes Study (Peisner-Feinberg, Burchinal, Clifford, 2001) found that higher process quality in preschool classrooms predicted fewer behavior problems 1 year later, and predicted higher language and math scores in kindergarten and second grade, although the magnitude of these associations declined over time. This same study also found a link between the child-care and family systems, such that the association between child-care quality and children’s school performance was moderated by mothers’ education; specifically, the association was stronger for children whose mothers had less education. BEYOND SELECTION EFFECTS I began this article with a discussion of the importance of considering children’s development from an ecological systems perspective, which considers the family ! child-care mesosystem as a context for children’s development. Many studies of child care now consider the role of selection effects by statistically controlling for family characteristics. However, other linkages within the mesosystem must also be considered if one is to adequately understand the role of child-care quality in children’s development. For instance, aspects of the family system, such as the mother’s education or depression, parenting practices, and family income, may have independent effects on children’s development. In fact, in a study of 1,100 children, the NICHD Early Child Care Research Network (2001) found that although the quality of early child care consistently predicted socio-emotional and cognitive-linguistic outcomes during the first 3 years of life, family factors were more consistent predictors of children’s development than quality of child care, or any other child-care factors examined. Research on the family child-care mesosystem is familiar territory for many psychologists. However, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory calls attention to other influences on children’s development—the exosystem of parental employment and government policy and the macrosystem of societal beliefs about the desirability of maternal employment and the desired outcomes for children. For example, there is a complex interplay between parental employment, government policy, child care, and children’s development for low-income families. Government policy and the macrosystem of societal beliefs promote employment for low-income parents. However, low-income parents tend to have less education and fewer marketable skills compared with other parents, and are likely to be employed in sectors of the labor market where jobs are part-time or contingent (temporary), allow little flexibility for managing family demands, and offer few benefits. Work schedules are also likely to include hours outside of the typical Monday-through-Friday daytimes when childcare centers normally operate. Although government subsidies are available to some low-income families, most do not receive subsidies. As a result, children from low-income families are likely to be placed in lower-cost and lower-quality center care or informal care that is itself often of lower quality (cf. Henly Lyons, 2000). Viewing this ‘‘choice’’ as a selection effect leads one to interpret it as parental preference—but an ecological perspective suggests a different interpretation: Regardless of their individual preferences, low-income families’ choices are constrained by the operation of the exosystem of the workplace and government policy. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Current state-of-the-art research has provided clear evidence that the quality of early child care matters to children’s development. Children who attend higher-quality child-care settings have greater language and cognitive competence and greater social competence than children who receive lower-quality child care. However, several studies have documented the prevalence of mediocre or inadequate child care in the United States (National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, 2003, pp. 53–54). In addition, the high-quality care that does exist is not equitably distributed—lower-income children are less likely than higher-income children to have access to it. The next step is to answer the question: How can we best raise the quality of early child care for all children? Ecological systems theory draws our attention to the importance of placing this question in the context of family processes, parental employment, governmental policies, and societal beliefs and goals when developing theoretical models and models for practice. We must integrate our societal goals of supporting healthy families, economic self-sufficiency, and women’s employment with our goals of supporting healthy development and school readiness for children, if we expect to advance research and practice in the area of early-child-care quality and children’s development. Recommended Reading Lamb, M.E. (1998). Nonparental child care: Context, quality, correlates. In W. Damon, I.E. Sigel, K.A. Renninger (Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 4. Child psychology in practice (5th ed., pp. 73–134). New York: John Wiley Sons. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Committee on Integrating the Science of Early Childhood Development, Board on Children, Youth, and Families. (2000). From neurons to neighborhoods: The science of early child development (J.P. Shonkoff D.A. Phillips, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academy Press. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Family and Work Policies. (2003). (See References) Phillips, D.A., Voran, M.N., Kisker, E., Howes, C., Whitebook, M. (1994). (See References) REFERENCES Ahnert, L., Rickert, H., Lamb, M.E. (2000). Shared caregiving: Comparisons between home and child care settings. Developmental Psychology, 36, 339–351. Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. Annals of Child Development, 6, 187–249. Harms, T., Clifford, R.M., Cryer, D. (1998). Early Childhood Environment Rating Scale: Revised edition. New York: Teachers College Press. Henly, J.R., Lyons, S. (2000). The negotiation of child care and employment demands among low-income parents. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 683–706. National Research Council and Institute of Medicine, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education, Board on Children, Youth, and Families, Committee on Family and Work Policies. (2003). Working families and growing kids: Caring for children and adolescents (E. Volume 13—Number 4 167 Nancy L. Marshall Smolensky J.A. Gootman, Eds.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press. Retrieved August 14, 2003, from http://www.nap.edu/openbook/ 0309087031/html/R1.html NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457–492. NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2002). Child-care structure! process! outcome: Direct and indirect effects of child-care quality on young children’s development. Psychological Science, 13, 199–206. Peisner-Feinberg, E.S., Burchinal, M.R., Clifford, R.M. (2001). The relation of preschool child-care quality to children’s cognitive and social developmental trajectories through second grade. Child Development, 72, 1534–1553. Phillips, D.A., Voran, M.N., Kisker, E., Howes, C., Whitebook, M. (1994). Child care for children in poverty: Opportunity or inequity? Child Development, 65, 472–492. Singer, J.D., Fuller, B., Keiley, M.K., Wolf, A. (1998). Early child-care selection: Variation by geographic location, maternal characteristics, and family structure. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1129–1144.

Examinations on the Dismantling of Canadian Multiculturalism in Rawi Ha

Rawi Hage’s Cockroach focuses on an unnamed immigrant of unclear, perhaps Lebanese, origin as he struggles to fit into his new life in Canada. The protagonist throughout the novel struggles to assimilate into Canadian culture, undermining people’s desire for him to integrate through imagining himself as a cockroach that scurries beneath society. By doing this, and through showing memories of his character’s traumatic past, Hage signifies the struggles, which many immigrants from warring countries face, in migrating to North America, contrasting the image Canada mostly promotes as being multicultural. Jesse Hutchinson proposes that the space created by Hage where the immigrant exists between the cultures of their homeland and their new country’s, is one of possibilities and where the protagonist can retain his cultural freedom (11), while Domenic A. Beneventi examines the class divides present between the privileged and the poor, noting how the latter exper iences the city space as a place of poverty (263). Indeed, I am interested in the concept of multiculturalism through how Hage represents his immigrant characters, demonstrating that idea of Canada’s multiculturalism as flawed. Syrine Hout discusses trauma and its lasting effects on immigrant Lebanese writers and how their writing of traumatic events creates a lasting memorial to the Lebanese civil war effects (330), which I will draw upon to study how Hage gives voice to immigrants who struggle with memories of their old culture as well as fitting into their new country. This paper will examine the techniques used by Hage to give representation to the turmoil faced by struggling immigrants as they attempt integration into the supposed multiculturalism of Canadian society. Exami... ...s on much of the time. While there are many immigrants who arrive and assimilate easily into Canada, Hage gives voice to the ones who do not, the ones most often overlooked. This creates a novel that maybe speaks to all identities of immigrants, creating a work that can truly be called multicultural. Works Cited Beneventi, Domenic A. "Montreal Underground." Journal of Canadian Studies 46.3 (2012): 263-286. Web. 24 March 2014. Hage, Rawi. Cockroach. Toronto: Anansi Press, 2008. Hout, Syrine. "Cultural hybridity, trauma, and memory in diasporic anglophone Lebanese fiction." Journal of Postcolonial Writing 47.3 (2011): 330-342. Web. 24 March 2014. Hutchinson, Jesse. "Immigration and Liminality in Rawi Hage’s Cockroach." Veljanova, Irena C. . Perception, Meaning and Identity. Ed. Irena C. Veljanova. Oxford: Inter-Disciplinary Press, 2010. 1-14. Web. 24 March 2014.

Intoxication: Not a Defence for Crime

Intoxication: Not a Defence for Crime There has been too many times where intoxication was used as a defence in criminal cases where it should not have been considered as a defence. Intoxication in criminal cases and whether it should be considered or not considered as a defence is very controversial. Voluntary intoxication should not be considered as a defence of crime.The main arguments against using intoxication as a defence are: the degree of proof required to prove intoxication is not sufficient, it is unfair to the victim if the accused gets away with a lighter sentence or no sentence at all because of the defence of intoxication, and last, in the case of voluntary intoxication, the mens rea should be considered satisfied toward general intent crimes. Analyzing these arguments proves that voluntary intoxication should not be used as a defence for criminal cases.The degree of proof required to prove intoxication is not rigorous enough. The degree of proof required to prove intox ication is balance of probabilities. When dealing with a serious charge, such as murder or sexual assault, the degree of proof for intoxication should be beyond a reasonable doubt, just like the prosecution is required to prove their case beyond a reasonable doubt to convict the accused. There can be cases where intoxication might have occurred post offence and used as a defence to avoid penalties or punishment.For example, Mr. X bought a bottle of alcohol at 5 PM and went home. He killed his wife with a knife at 7 PM. After killing his wife, he started drinking and became extremely intoxicated. At 9 PM, his son came home and found his mother (wife of Mr. X) dead and his father (Mr. X) unconscious with a bloody knife close to him. The son called the police and the father was arrested with police charging the father with murder. The accused, Mr. X, went on to claim intoxication as a part of his defence.The charge was reduced to manslaughter. This example shows that the degree of proo f required proving intoxication is not rigorous enough. Mr. X began drinking after he killed his wife, however because there was no witness, the claim of Mr. X that he was intoxicated at the time of his wife’s murder cannot be effectively refuted and he would be tried for a lesser charge. Mr. X was able to reduce his charge by making a false statement while not having to prove that statement. That is obstruction of justice and perjury. If ntoxication was not allowed to be used as a defence of intent of the crime, Mr. X would not be able to get his charge reduced and therefore he would be charged with the crime that he actually committed. If intoxication is used as a defence for crime and the accused receives a lighter sentence or no sentence at all, it is unfair to the victim. If a person has been sexually assaulted by someone who was intoxicated, is it not the victim’s right to see justice being served? R. v. Daviault, [1994] 3 S. C. R. 63 is a case where Mr.Daviault sexually assaulted an elderly woman with a disability during extreme intoxication. This is a controversial case because of the argument made by Justice Cory that if Daviault had only been a â€Å"little† drunk, he may have had the mental ability to make the decision that he should not sexually assault the victim. In this case, it was established that the defence of intoxication could only be used in cases of â€Å"extreme† intoxication such as this. This case is an example of exceptional circumstances where extreme intoxication was proven beyond a reasonable doubt.The disabled elderly woman who was the victim of this case still suffered and does not even have the satisfaction of knowing that the person that wronged her may not be punished. The degree of intoxication may not even matter in most sexual assault cases. Research suggests that intoxication is merely used as an excuse to get away with the crime. On Canlii. org (Canadian Legal Information Institute), only a sm all percentage of sexual assault cases involved incest while intoxicated. Canlii. org showed the difference in search results of sexual assaults due to intoxication and incest due to intoxication. 490 cases were found of sexual assault while intoxicated and 121 cases were found of incest while intoxicated. One could question that if a sexual offender, while intoxicated, has the mental ability to distinguish between a related and unrelated person, then that offender has the mental ability to have the reasonable mind set to know the consequences of sexual assault and that it is illegal. Further to the research on Canlii. org, the use of intoxication as a defence encourages crime while being insensitive to the needs and rights of the victim.For example, a victim of sexual assault may be labelled as â€Å"available† or worse, hurtful words that may lead to psychological issues. A lighter sentence to the perpetrator would not help the psychological damage that victim has to deal w ith. Instead it might be worse because the victim may feel that they have been wronged for the second time; the second time being by the justice system. There are always precautions that can be taken to avoid situations when one is voluntarily intoxicated. R. v. Mascarenhas, [2002] 60 O. R (3d) 465 (C. A. ) is a case of driving under the influence.In this case, Mascarenhas was driving under the influence and killed two pedestrians. This is a general intent crime where a mens rea is not required. The proof of the act, actus reus, is required. Mascarenhas may not have intended to kill the pedestrians but nevertheless, two lives were taken. Mascarenhas cannot use the defence of intoxication for this crime. Precautions could have been taken to avoid the accident. If Mascarenhas had taken reasonable care of himself or possibly had someone to take care of him in voluntary intoxication, driving under the influence would have been avoided and therefore the pedestrians might still be alive.T his connects to criminal negligence. Mascarenhas disregarded the safety of others and therefore was also sentenced for being criminally negligent. During voluntary intoxication, a person should be responsible his or her own actions. Mascarenhas was convicted with criminal negligence, impaired operation of a motor vehicle as well as other convictions. This case is a good example of when the justice system made the right decision. The mens rea of an intoxicated person was not taken into consideration since the law does not require mens rea as a part of a general intent crime.Other crimes should also be dealt in the same manner and consider mens rea satisfied if the person was voluntarily intoxicated. Based on the analysis of the arguments that voluntary intoxication does not require a sufficient amount of proof, that it is unfair to the victim, and that the mens rea is considered to be satisfied in the case of intoxication in general intent crimes, it is safe to say that voluntary int oxication should not be used as a defence in criminal offences. Criminals who are voluntarily intoxicated and commit a crime deserve the original sentence that comes with the act.The sentence should not be reduced. Voluntary intoxication means that one has the control to decide whether he or she wants to be intoxicated or not. They have the responsibility of reasonable care. Therefore, voluntary intoxication should not be used as a defence of crime. Works Cited: Section 33. 1: Criminal Code (R. S. C. , 1985, c-46) Section 219. 1: Criminal Code (R. S. C. , 1985, c-46) R. v. Mascarenhas, [2002] 60 O. R (3d) 465 (C. A). R. v. Mascarenhas, 2002 CanLII 41625 (ON CA) R. v. Daviault, [1994] 3 S. C. R. 63 R. v.Daviault, 1994 CanLII 61 (SCC), [1994] 3 SCR 63 Lamb, W. Kaye. â€Å"Defence of Intoxication. †Ã‚  The Canadian Encyclopedia. Historica Foundation, 2007. 1 Sep 2007. http://www. thecanadianencyclopedia. com. Souper, M. â€Å"General defences – intoxication†. Sixth Form Law. 2000-2008. http://sixthformlaw. info. â€Å"Intoxication and legal defences† Advances in Psychiatric Treatment. The Royal College of Psychiatrists, 2013. http://apt. rcpsych. org. Weaver, Rheyanne. â€Å"The Mental Health Consequences of Rape†. EmpowHER, 2012. http:empower. com.

An Incident That Made Me Believe in Fate!!!

An Incident That Made Me Believe In FATE!!! I am choosing that free will exists in our world. I think that I make my own choices every day, but I know that God definitely helps me along the way. Every day I wake up, and I make a decision, should I go back to sleep, lie here looking at the walls, or should I get out of bed and go to class? My story takes place before I was a teenager; I would have to flashback twenty years. What is faith? Is it belief in one’s God? How does one find faith? Can someone that claims to have faith ever doubt? When I was twelve years old, I thought that I was religious. I went to a function with my youth group. In attendance were a great number of kids, I felt lost in the shuffle with so many things going on. Just as I contemplated to sneak away, a boy came over to talk to me, â€Å"How thoughtful,† I said to myself. We sat for a very long time and read the Bible together. It made me feel so special, like I was starting to belong to the group. I felt it was so wonderful that someone took the time to notice me. This experience had a very special meaning to me. One of the most important aspects of teenage life is feeling secure, accepted, and loved. At that moment I felt all those things at one time. My preacher came over to talk with me and wondered why I was sitting all alone. I looked up and realized I was alone. I told her about the boy who had noticed me. We read the bible together, and we talked for hours. She helped me look for him and we couldn’t find him anywhere. I was devastated and had no idea where he could have gone. I had been looking all weekend for the boy who noticed me, only I still couldn’t find him anywhere. That’s when I realized that this was awesome. I know what it is: It is fate or faith? Here I am at a Christian event, and to think I was visited by the Lord. I told the preacher that, and she told me that I need to tell everyone the account of what happened. So there I was, standing in front of this group of kids. I was so anxious, but also calm. The story just flowed out of me. I told everyone what exactly happened to me this weekend. Whether individuals believe in God or not, a person must have a reason for his or her belief. I think fate has dealt me with a wonderful reason to believe in God!!!

Trade in Japan Essay

Trade in Japan Essay Trade in Japan Essay Our Economy: Trade 1. Name the nation you have chosen Japan 2. What goods and services are traded between this nation and Australia? (list the top 10 imports and exports traded) (3 marks) The top 10 goods and services traded (starting from the most traded) are: 1. Coal (export) 2. Iron ore and concentrates (export) 3. Passenger motor vehicles (import) 4. Beef f.c.f. (export) 5. Aluminium (export) 6. Refined petroleum (import) 7. Copper ores and concentrates (export) 8. Coal petroleum (export) 9. Goods vehicles (import) 10. Food and live animals (export) The information above, as well as the total revenue from these imports and exports for 2010-11 are depicted below. According to the Imports and Exports from 2006-11, the top ten imports and exports from Japan has not changed overtime, indicating the stability of these goods and services traded from Australia and Japan. Demand for some goods and services has increased and decreased, but the top ten traded has not changed over the past 5 years. 3. What is the current value (2011) of Australian exports to this country? (2 marks) The current value is $50 441 000 000 (2011) according to ABS. 4. What is the current value (2011) of imports that Australia buys from this nation? (2 marks) The current value is $18 003 000 000 (2011) according to ABS. 5. Outline the changes in these values form 2001 to 2011. Include graphs to support your answer. (4 marks) Imports from Japan has been consistently increasing over 2001 – 2011. This is shown by the red trendline, marking the steady growth of imports from Japan. Imports in 2008 showed a slight increase, with the impact of the GFC in May 2009 producing a major decrease. The significant drop in imports from Japan in April 2011 was due to the earthquakes that hit the Miyagi prefecture, as the Japan government banned all shipments of beef cattle due to fear of radioactive contamination. Exports to Japan has also been consistently growing, as shown by the red trendline. The substantial increase in October 2008 was due to the Bank of Japan’s decision to suspend selling of stocks, which resulted in Japan becoming heavily reliant on exports. 6. Analyse the impact of these changes on Australia business, consumers and investors. Who has been advantaged and who has been disadvantaged? (5 marks) Australian businesses are advantaged during the significant increase during October 2008, due to Japan’s short term reliance on imports. This includes higher demand for coal and iron ore, due to Japan’s few natural resources. Businesses that are disadvantaged overall would be the agricultural sector, as Japan has one of the most protected farms in the world. Consumers were disadvantaged during the substantial decrease in imports from Japan during April 2011, which was as a result from the Japan earthquakes. This meant that the supply of Japan beef would have dropped a considerable amount, due to the Japan government’s decision to temporarily ban beef from the earthquake areas due to fear of radioactive contamination. Investors wanting to trade the Japanese yen would have had a major disadvantage during October 2008, as the Japanese government had decided to suspend selling stocks to ensure their market stability. This action taken was in effect until the end of March 2010. Banks were also disadvantaged by the damaged consumer confidence in global stock markets, as shares suffered losses throughout 2008 to early 2009. 7. Examine the Australian government’s attempt to manage these trends in trade. (eg. Trade

The Target Population Assignment-Phoenix, Arizona Essay

The Target Population Assignment-Phoenix, Arizona - Essay Example The median age of this area is 32.2 years old. The target customers that I have chosen fall between 25 and 59 years old. The total population between 25 to 60 years old is 702,301, and its percentage is 48.6% out of 100%. The total population of female is 671,176 and the population of male is 649,285. This implies that the targeted population constitutes 48.6 % of the total population. This figure is quite large and it can sustain the business of a restaurant. The educational attainment of most people in Phoenix, Arizona is mixed. Some people have gone as far as college but they have no degrees. Around 23% of the people reached high school. Only 15.1% of the population has got bachelor’s degree. These statistics are likely to have a bearing on the behaviour of the targeted consumers towards the products and services going to be offered. Most people in Phoenix, Arizona are doing management, professional and related occupations. Also, around 177,600 People in Phoenix, Arizona are sales and office occupations. Only 0.3% people are doing farming, fishing and forestry occupations. A critical analysis of the population statistics for Phoenix, Arizona shows that the area presents good opportunities for establishing restaurant business. The total population of the whole area is 1, 321, 045 and the targeted population is between 25 and 59 years constituting about 700 000 of the total population. What is encouraging about the statistics presented is that about 66% of the targeted audiences go to work and only 3,7 % is unemployed. On average, the level of income of the targeted consumers for restaurant business is above average and this can sustain business. There are positive indicators that show that the welfare of the people in this area is not very bad and new business initiative including a restaurant can be

Family nursing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Family nursing - Essay Example Mr. L lives in three-bedroom condo in residential areas. Living room and kitchen are on the first floor, and bedrooms and bathrooms are on the second floor. The house has a hardwood floor and there is a small rug under the sofa. The air conditioner is in the living room, and there are small fans in all the bedrooms. Family members take off their shoes before entering the house, and wear slippers. Mr. L was diagnosed with DM ten years ago, and now he is administered insulin injections. He often comes to visit his primary doctor because he has swollen ankles and 0.2cm by 0.2 cm foot ulcer on his big toe. He denies any other health problems or surgery history. The family is in the stage of launching the young adults because Mr. L’s youngest child got married in 2010, and a grandson was born last year. Children talk to Mrs. L easily but they rarely talk to Mr. L. All children want to have only one child because they feel that they would be burdened by responsibilities if they will plan more children. Whenever Mr. And Mrs. L’s children face any problem regarding the new born they take advice from their mother and Mrs. L has always responded to them gladly. .Mr. And Mrs. L rarely talk to each other. However, Mrs. L is always concerned about her spouse and his chronic health condition. Mrs. L cooks brown rice instead of white rice because she knows brown rice is good for health, and also helps to reduce blood sugar level for patients who have been diagnosed with DM. Dysfunctional communication patterns are observed between husband and wife. Communication patterns are one way. The husband asks his wife to do the certain job for him and the wife does it without raising any question. While watching the news, the husband discusses his opinion on the news, and the wife too tells her opinion but if somehow wife does not agree with the husband regarding his opinions, husband’s voice gets higher and insists that his opinion is right which leads to cessati on of communication between husband and wife. Affective messages are not exchanged between husband and wife. The wife is verbally and physically warm and close to her three children. Also, the children are affectionate to their mother. However, the husband only expresses warm feeling towards his oldest daughter, and has no warm words for the other two children. Life partners in this case, never express and share their internal warm feelings which they have for each other. Whenever the husband informs the wife about the problems that their family has exhibited, the wife angrily rolls her eyes at husband .It shows an incongruent message. Dysfunctional communication processes are seen in spouses. The husband himself assumes and makes decisions for his wife. While children plan a family vacation, Mr. L comes up with the argument based on his own assumptions that his wife is not interested in going anywhere. Close communication depicts the inner feelings between husband and wife. Cultura l variable affects the communication factor between the couple because they were born and raised in China. In this case, the male is dominant in the house, and wife is submissive negotiating the fact that they follow western culture where the couples are egalitarian. The husband makes all the big decisions of family by himself and does not take any advice from his wife or children.. The wife usually follows his decision without asking