Stakeholders and Shareholders Debate - 4838 Words

The Shareholders vs. Stakeholders Debate T he stakeholder theorists smell blood. Scandals at Enron, Global Crossing, ImClone, Tyco International and WorldCom, concerns about the independence of accountants who are charged with auditing financial statements, and questions about the incentive schema and investor recommendations at Credit Suisse First Boston and iMerrill Lynch have all provided rich fodder for those who question the premise of shareholder supremacy. Many observers have claimed that these scandals serve as evidence of the failure of the shareholder theory— that managers primarily have a duty to maximize shareholder returns — and the victory of stakeholder theory, which says that a manager s duty is to balance the†¦show more content†¦However, more thoughtful shareholder theorists often refer to a need for enlightened self-interest, which — if embraced — would lead a corporation s managers to take a long-term orientation. Third, it is sometimes claimed that the shareholder theo ry prohibits giving corporate funds to things such as charitable projects or investing in improved employee morale. In fact, however, the shareholder theory supports those efforts —- insofar as those initiatives are, in the end, the best investments of capital that are available.^ Similarly, the stakeholder theory is sometimes misunderstood. It is sometimes claimed that the stakeholder theory does not demand that a company focus on profitability. Even though the stakeholder theory s ultimate objective is the concern s continued existence, it must be achieved by balancing the interests of all stakeholders, including the shareholders, whose interests are usually addressed through profits. Also, because many stakeholder theory descriptions pro86 MIT SLOAN MANAGEMENT REVIEW vide no formula for adjudicating among the stakeholders disparate interests, some have claimed that the theory cannot be implemented. While it is true that some versions of the theory provide no guidance in this regard, many stakeholder theorists have provided algorithms for trade-offs among stakeholders interests. For example, one might assess the level of risk that each stakeholder has embraced and rank their interests accordingly, orShow MoreRelatedClimate Change Is An Environmental And Business Issue1454 Words   |  6 Pagescomplex relations between climate change and business by exploring on: first, the interaction between business and climate change with a brief stakeholder analysis; second, analyzing the business debates underpinning this issue consisting of stakeholders/shareholders debates and long term/short term debates and the way how business, and other stakeholders address the issue; third, figuring out potential solutions to address the issue and its obstacles. Interaction Business has complex relations withRead MoreThe Management Of A Company1238 Words   |  5 Pagesmajority of the company decide to hire mangers to make important decisions on your company. This is a general example on how shareholders run their company. Now wouldn t you rather help make decision, or be able to factor in ideas from the employees and community that has helped the business grow? If so, you might want to consider the stakeholders theory.   Different stakeholders can hold varying amounts of influence and interest, within the organization. For example, consider a factory worker. An individualRead MoreThe Importance Of A Good Corporate Governance Framework1680 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This paper will discuss why a good corporate governance framework must incorporate stakeholder accountability. For the purpose of this paper, the term stakeholder governance will be used to incorporate all aspects of stakeholder accountability and engagement, that is; dialogue, decision making, transparent operations and implementation of solutions to common problems or goals. The first part of this paper will describe how the landscape has changed for business operations due to environmentalRead MoreCadbury Corporate Governance Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pagesis the framework by which the various stakeholder interests are balanced, or, as the IFC (International Finance Corporation) states, the relationships among the management, Board of Directors, controlling shareholders, minority shareholders and other stakeholders. The OECD Principles of Corporate Governance states that: Corporate governance involves a set of relationships between a company’s management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance also provides theRead MoreEthical Leadership Debate1654 Words   |  7 PagesReflective Statement Seminar Four: Ethical Leadership Debate Guiding Reflective Question | Student Reflection | What was the definition of ‘ethical leadership’ adopted by the participants in the debate?What is the role of the directors as envisaged by Codes of Corporate Governance and wider society?Are these expectations consistent with the ideas of ethical leadership? | The four characters, Mike, Jan, Mei-Hua and Deshi were portrayed as individuals with starkly differing views on ethical leadershipRead MoreThe Social Capital Theory ( Sct ) And Stakeholder Theory1168 Words   |  5 Pages Despite the conflicting nature between the social-capital theory (SCT) and stakeholder theory (ST), the role of ‘Corporate social responsibility’ (CSR) is a factor for a majority of organisations to gain an economic advantage amongst its competitors. Through globalisation, aspects involving profit maximisation and business reputation have become the primary influences of the ST. Alternatively, the minority of organisations engaging in CSR with the altruistic concern for the stability ofRead MoreIn 1960, Frederick Wrote That Social Responsibility In1742 Words   |  7 Pagesbe possible to gauge any direct measurable economic returns (Walton, 1967). The modern debate on CSR starts in the USA in 1970, when Nobel Prize winning economist Milton Friedman’s ‘minimalist’ view of corporate responsibility (Lucas, et al, 2001) came out in his article where he stated that any company should not deal with issues which do not directly belong to its core mission of increasing its shareholder value and maximizing profit. For Friedman, CSR was a fundamentally subversive doctrineRead MoreCompeting Models Of Corporate Governance1398 Words   |  6 Pages2.1 Corporate governance There are two main competing models in corporate governance. Stakeholder method Under the stakeholder model of corporate governance, firms owned and controlled by small number of major shareholders. This model of corporate governance often called as the relationship based method due to the close relationship maintained between companies and their major shareholders. This close relationship, little separation of ownership and control minimises the agency problem. HoweverRead MoreDear Silent Partners Of Chocoholics Anonymous1238 Words   |  5 PagesDear silent partners of Chocoholics Anonymous, The purpose of this memo is to discuss the opposing views of shareholders and stakeholders, evaluating our decision based on multiple ethical principles, focusing on Chocoholics Anonymous profitability and ethical integrity. Chocoholics Anonymous has a decline of sales and decrease of profits during the economic downturn, and so do the other companies in town; and those companies fired employees to save money which caused a rapidly growing unemploymentRead MoreThe Maximisation Of Shareholder Value Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesAlhalboni The maximisation of shareholder value is a corporate objective that has become increasingly popular since the 1980’s. Many companies explicitly state that maximising shareholder value is one of their key business objectives; an example of this is Coca-Cola, who state in their Coca-Cola Company Vision (2016) that â€Å"maximising long-term return to shareholders† is one of their business goals. In this essay, I will consider the extent to which maximising shareholder value is a reasonable objective

Several Kinds of English that I Speak of Free Essays

My family and I lived in several places and so as we move from one place to another, I have learned to speak several kinds of the English language as well. For instance, I am a little familiar with West Indian English, wherein one of the major characteristics of their grammar is the absence of â€Å"-s† if its state is singular and is in the present tense, and so sometimes instead of stating â€Å"Cleavon loves music†, I would only say, â€Å"Cleavon love music†Ã‚   (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p. We will write a custom essay sample on Several Kinds of English that I Speak of or any similar topic only for you Order Now ). In addition to that, another grammatical characteristic of the West Indian English is the elimination of the word that connects the subject and the predicate or what is technically referred to as the â€Å"copula† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). For example, â€Å"Cleavon extremely passionate†, instead of â€Å"Cleavon is extremely passionate† or â€Å"Cleavon my cousin† instead of â€Å"Cleavon is my cousin† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Furthermore, when we moved to Canada and stayed there for about two years, I managed to acquire a little bit of Canadian English as well which is sometimes evident in the way I pronounce words, for example, my classmates would be confused even if I meant â€Å"caller† because what they heard from me was â€Å"collar† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Similarly, if I say â€Å"caught†, they would misunderstand it since it sounded like â€Å"cot† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). I also got the nanny confused one time when I said, â€Å"May I please just have porridge for breakfast?† I forgot that in U.S. English, it is known as, â€Å"oatmeal† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Last but not least, since we now moved back to the United States, my U.S. English is back as well (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Nowadays, I would jokingly say â€Å"My seatmate is such a nerd; she would spend three sleepless nights for our science project and would not even complain a bit† (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Nobody would be confused by my statement since this is the Standard English that they utilize also (Oxford University Press, 2008, n.p.). Reference Oxford University Press. (2008). Types of World English. Retrieved April 7, 2008 from http://www.askoxford.com/globalenglish/types/?view=uk How to cite Several Kinds of English that I Speak of, Essay examples

Social and Economic Origins of Immigration

Question: Discuss about the Social and Economic Origins of Immigration. Answer: Introduction The human migration is concerned with the movement of the people and their belongings from one place to another for the purpose of settling there permanently (Ventriglio Bhugra, 2015). The migration usually involves the movement over considerable long distances and it is termed as immigration. The process of immigration is concerned with the movement of people in a foreign country in which they do not possess citizenship (Mitov Omey, 2014). This type of movement takes place due to number of reasons such as permanent employment or temporary foreign worker. The phenomenon of social network is gripping the whole world and this also affects the migration patterns (Ventriglio Bhugra, 2015). The thesis statement is that How Filipino people have migrated from one part of the world to the other and how they have used social networking. This essay would discuss about the social, economic and political origins of migration and how these factors influence the global population. The evolution of migration would be discussed and the various linkages between the different countries would also be discussed. The mode of migration would be elaborated by special focus on the social networking aspects. There are various articles regarding migration and immigration settlement, which would be consulted that throw light on the reasons of migration along with other relevant concepts. Changes in contemporary immigration structure There have been changes in the contemporary immigration structure in Europe (Massey, 1990). Europe draws migrants from both the developed as well as developing countries and has become a region of immigration (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). The primary cause of the immigration process is the economic development spread to the various developing countries (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). There is also constant demand of low wages employees in the developed nations, which make it obvious to source labour from the third world populations (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). The immigration process also has several social foundations including the formation of migrant networks (Curran Saguy, 2013). The social networks embedded in the migration process provide acceleration to the growth potential (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). This is due to the wage differentials, restrictive policies of immigration, recessions and other factors in the developing countries (Castles, De Haas Miller, 2013). This article focuses more on the economic as well as social aspects of the immigration and the next article would focus more on the social networks of the immigration process. Different forms of social networks in migration Many notable studies have shown variable representation of the social networks that focus on immigration patterns (Hagan, 1998). It discusses the different forms of networks that affect the settlement outcomes of both male and female population and there has been focus on the legal opportunities (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). This outcome is being produced by the social interactions of the different genders, work, voluntary associations, neighborhood and others (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). The article emphasizes on the fact that the social networks is being used in the different stages of the migration process such as migration decisions, persistence and direction in the migration flows, transnational links and the different settlement patterns (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). The social networks result in the subsequent reduction in the costs of migration. The networks of the migrants in the receiving region provide more social capital in the initial phases of the migration (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). This helps the population in adjusting to the new environment in a better manner (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). There are also greater possibilities of integrating well with the local communities if there is presence of networks. The communities who have mature networks do give cultural as well as emotional support to the migrants which help them to settle in the new environment quickly (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). The migrants also get the information regarding local housing options as well as infrastructure facilities, which help them to lead a comfortable life in the foreign location (Falk Mathew, 2017). The social networks also provide the new members of the society with adequate information of the job facilities and labour market niches (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). This makes them to take up new job opportunities so that they can survive in the new land (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). The networks form ethnic associations in due course of time and provide sup port and assistance to the newcomers (Brettell Hollifield, 2014). Culture of Filipino Migration Philippines, which comprise of approximately 7,000 islands is the major supplier of low-skilled labors in the developed regions of the world. It is largely a country of emigration. They are interested in working in foreign lands in spite of the vulnerabilities and difficulties that they would face there. The Middle-East countries account for a large number of Filipino workers. The Filipino workers do get around two years of service contract in the Middle East, one year contract in Taiwan and six months contract in Japan. They face different implications when travelling to a foreign country. The overseas employment opportunities provide various kind of work to the Filipinos and are a major generator of the foreign exchange. There has been subsequent growth of the remittances in Philippines. The remittances have been instrumental in aiding the economy of the Philippines by encouraging foreign exchange outflows. This also helps the economy at the time of negative GDP growths and maintaining positive growth of the economy. There is a huge outflow of the workers such as nurses/doctors, which leads to the shortage of skilled workers in Philippines. Demographics affecting migration Studies have focused on the different family, community and friendship networks that affect the patterns of the migration (Boyd, 1989). This article explores the theme of the previous article in a detailed manner by segregating the social networks into family as well as personal networks (Ohno, 2014). This articles stated that the fact that as per the Ravensteins Law, the male population is more inclined for long distance migration (Ohno, 2014). The movements of the people were also associated with the push as well as pull forces belonging to the places of origin (Ohno, 2014). The different areas such as Latin America, Singapore and Middle East nations still witness a large number of young unaccompanied males (Ohno, 2014). The family based migrations are more common in all the settlement based countries and women also play a significant part in the migration flows in these countries (Ohno, 2014). There has been an increase in the women migrants as compared to the traditional male cou nterparts (Ohno, 2014). It is also important to focus on the legal aspects of migration process (Torpey, 1998). The previous articles paid attention to the different aspects of the migration, which should be based on government rules and procedures (Farutin Misbah, 2013). This article by Torpey discusses about the legitimate movement methods that should be followed by the migrants so that they do not face any legal hurdles (Farutin Misbah, 2013). The nations have made policies regarding the domestic as well as international movement of people (Farutin Misbah, 2013). The modern states have understood the need of embracing populations and the identification of the persons (Farutin Misbah, 2013). This process is done for the purpose of distinguishing migrants from the non-migrants (Farutin Misbah, 2013). Research has shown that there are more advanced phase of immigration, which is concerned with the interest of Europe for Islam (Soysal, 1997). Islam has become an object of cultural as well as political curiosity as well as scientific concern (Sardar, 2016). It explores the fact whether Islam is compatible with the democratic participation in Europe. The focus has been laid on democratic citizenship and participation. This article focuses more on Islam religion, which is perceived as one of the threats to the countrys democracy (Soysal, 1997). It helps to understand the background of the immigration process by understanding the cultural as well as political scenario of Europe. Shift in research in international immigration In this research essay, I have studied the shift of the idea from immigration to the different social scenario in the contemporary world, which is directly related to the international immigration (Hagan, 2006). It defined that one of the characteristic of the 20th and 21st century was that there was a growing emphasis on the international migration (Hagan, 2006). There has been irregular movement of people and unauthorized migration, which was not recorded in the official statistics. The migration has doubled between the year 1965 and 2000 (Durand, Massey Pren, 2016). The international migrants have a tendency to go the areas which have maximum economic opportunity. The international migrants move from developing nations to more developed nations such as USA, Australia and Canada (Hagan, 2006). The article focuses on the fact that there are different integration opportunities that are responsible for shaping the social memberships among the immigrant groups (Durand, Massey Pren, 2 016). There has been greater emphasis on social membership, which is not always concerned with institutions and state, but can be defined by organized/informal ways (Ambrosino et al., 2015). There have been legal protests that advocate the demand rights so that social membership gains inclusion and legal status. The industrialized nations have large number of international immigrants (Durand, Massey Pren, 2016). This has led to these nations cope up with the different domestic concerns which included increasing domestic inequalities, national security, liberalized trading policies, ethnic tensions and others (Gibler, 2015). The countries are increasingly getting more inflow of international migrants due to which they have started to implement strict admission and removal regulations (Durand, Massey Pren, 2016). The Filipinos have undergone major race-relations cycle in United States, which is often characterized by the exhibited attributes of the host country such as economic welcome, legislative antagonism, curiosity and fair play tendencies. The present median income of Filipino Americans is more than the Hispanics or Blacks, however, they are lower than the Asian Indians or Japanese-Americans. Filipinos are focused on development of the youth leadership. Social networks of migrants The migrant social network is highly responsible for creating a habitat in the new environment (Dingle, 2014). It is responsible for adjusting in a new place and getting access to basic amenities of life such as healthcare, education and others (Dingle, 2014).The migrant networks in the origin country have more power to affect the national as well as local economies since there is brain drain in the country (Dingle, 2014). There are also the remittances which are being received by the friends, family and relatives of the immigrants (Dingle, 2014). The remittances are utilized by the organizational ties of the particular migrant, which also affects the border development activities of the origin countries (Dingle, 2014). The social networks of the migrants also determine the integration of immigrants with the host country in a process known as transnationalism (Erdal Oeppen, 2013). The social networks have always been instrumental in improving the economic integration of the immigrants in the labor markets of Canada. There are several examples of the Filipino population who has found jobs in the foreign country with the help of close family members or friends. The Filipino-Canadian community has been segregated in different regional, class and cultural characteristics. The flows of information as well as remittances are one of the main implications of the transnational activities. The social networks of Filipino in Canada ensure about their probable job expectations and the way of life in the foreign country. There are several concentrations of Filipino communities in Canada and they are based on several second tier cities as well as rural areas. Features of migrant workers One of the most important features of the migrant workers is that they usually exist between two or more countries but are limited and specific in some way. The composition of the migrant workers also changes over time (Skeldon, 2014). The lack of citizenship of the immigrants can limit the access to the different organizations and institutions of the country, mostly the political institutions (Skeldon, 2014). This kind of limitation is dependent on the immigrants reception and the related institutional accommodation in terms of governments. There is a need of social capital as the migration flows are greatly selective in nature. There are a large number of movements that take place between the various developing coun(Skeldon, 2014)tries; this phenomenon is known as South-South migration (Skeldon, 2014). The potential immigrants try to minimize the risks of the migration process by considering familiar places which can help them to settle easily. They also try to seek the maximum num ber of the social networks that are available to them at the foreign locations. It is important to consider the social capital for easy settlement at the migration location. It refers to the potential or the actual resources which are directly linked with the social ties of the migrants. There are also necessary resources involved in the migration process such as money, information, influence, persuasion and others (Skeldon, 2014). The economic incorporation of the immigrants is important. They strive to seek employment options among the different social networks and participate in the labor markets that serve the own ethnic communities. The ethnic enclaves host variety of niche employment in the restaurants, retail and other professional services. This eliminates the need of sourcing goods from outside the country. There are conditions of conflict and exploitation which often gives rise to the fact that the work is unregulated or unpaid. Factors affecting migration There are different factors that lead to an increasing number of migrations at the global level. There are broadly three kinds of factors such as socio-political, economic and ecological factors (Czaika Haas, 2014). The socio-political factors comprise of the religious, ethnic, cultural and racial persecution. Evidences show that the states which have undergone political transition from the earlier authoritarian rule to the democracy possess potential risks of internal conflict and instability (Czaika Haas, 2014). There is greater possibility of conflict in the inclusive and homogenous societies of the country. The individuals who are migrating due to different social or political conditions would like to do so as humanitarian migrants (Czaika Haas, 2014). These kinds of individuals like to move to the neighboring countries which they find it safe. The different economic factors relate to the different levels of labor standards of the country and the overall unemployment situation . The employment levels contribute directly to the health of the economy. The economic factors are responsible for drawing a large number of international migrants for the purpose of better employment, higher wages and desire to escape from the domestic political situation. This kind of migration is visible from the developing nations where there is a rise in the well educated population (Czaika Haas, 2014). The highly skilled workers migrate from the developing countries to the developed ones. This kind of migration is known as the south-north migration. The migrants go to the developed countries for work and sent back remittances to the origin countries (Czaika Haas, 2014). The migration between the developing countries is based on proximity, income differentials, seasonal migration and others (Czaika Haas, 2014). The technological advancements, which can be seen in both the transport and communication has the potential of increasing the circular migration rate (Czaika Haas, 2 014). The ecological factors comprise of the individual migration due to climate change and other environmental pollution. The increasing food and water costs are likely to increase the resources scarcity in these regions (Czaika Haas, 2014). These natural burdens place strain on the capacity of the state regarding the use of the natural resources (Czaika Haas, 2014). The migrants think that the individual country situation in the developed world should be better and this is one of the primary causes of this kind of migration (Czaika Haas, 2014). Migration is often described as the essential modes of leading lives so that they can prosper well within their lives. There are different factors that affect the labor flows in Philippines such as rapid population growth, uneven distribution of population and the poor labor market absorptive capacity for the economy of the country. Conclusion The human migration is considered as one of the most important characteristics of the modern civilization. This thesis statement was proved by looking at various dimensions of migration. The specific aspect of the social networks is discussed with reference to the international migration. The contemporary immigration structure in different parts of world, particularly Europe is discussed. The variable as well as dynamic representations of the different social networks which focus on the patterns of immigration are critically assessed. The third section discussed about the impact of different networks towards migration. The next article discussed the legal aspects of the migration process. The next section explored one of the more advanced phase of immigration process, which is concerned with the Europes interest towards Islam. The different scenarios in the contemporary world that is directly related to international migration are explored. The different articles help in the understa nding of the different issues related to social networks in international migration. This essay focused on the migration patterns of the Filipino population. It has been found out that the Filipino population is inclined to travelling from one part of the country to other. Most of the Filipino population prefers to take overseas employment opportunities in places like Middle East, Canada and others. The main reason for this migration is often caused due to remittances sent to the home country. The family, friendship and community networks affect the migration patterns. The social networks of Filipinos have seen economic enhancements in the Canadian labor markets. This essay would broaden the understanding of the different social networks which are instrumental for the purpose of international migration. References Ambrosino, R., Heffernan, J., Shuttlesworth, G., Ambrosino, R. (2015).Empowerment Series: Social Work and Social Welfare. Cengage Learning. Boyd, M. (1989). Family and personal networks in international migration: recent developments and new agendas.International migration review, 638-670. Brettell, C. B., Hollifield, J. F. (2014).Migration theory: Talking across disciplines. Routledge. Castles, S., De Haas, H., Miller, M. J. (2013).The age of migration: International population movements in the modern world. Palgrave Macmillan. Curran, S. R., Saguy, A. C. (2013). Migration and cultural change: a role for gender and social networks?.Journal of International Women's Studies,2(3), 54-77. Czaika, M., Haas, H. (2014). The globalization of migration: Has the world become more migratory?.International Migration Review,48(2), 283-323. Dingle, H. (2014).Migration: the biology of life on the move. Oxford University Press, USA. Durand, J., Massey, D. S., Pren, K. A. (2016). Double disadvantage: Unauthorized Mexicans in the US labor market.The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,666(1), 78-90. Erdal, M. B., Oeppen, C. (2013). Migrant balancing acts: Understanding the interactions between integration and transnationalism.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,39(6), 867-884. Falk, S., Mathew, G. (2017). Technology for Good: Innovative Uses of Emerging Technologies to Address Social Challenges. InDigital Government(pp. 39-62). Springer International Publishing. Farutin, A., Misbah, C. (2013). Analytical and numerical study of three main migration laws for vesicles under flow.Physical review letters,110(10), 108104. Gibler, D. M. (2015). The Missing Military: How International Conflict Shapes Domestic Political Bargaining. Hagan, J. (2006). Negotiating social membership in the contemporary world.Social Forces,85(2), 631-642. Hagan, J. M. (1998). Social networks, gender, and immigrant incorporation: Resources and constraints.American sociological review, 55-67. Massey, D. S. (1990). The social and economic origins of immigration.The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science,510(1), 60-72. Mitov, K. V., Omey, E. (2014). A branching process with immigration in varying environments.Communications in Statistics-Theory and Methods,43(24), 5211-5225. Ohno, K. (2014).Learning to industrialize: from given growth to policy-aided value creation. Routledge. Sardar, Z. (2016).Science, technology and development in the Muslim world. Routledge. Skeldon, R. (2014).Migration and development: A global perspective. Routledge. Soysal, Y. N. (1997). Changing parameters of citizenship and claims-making: Organized Islam in European public spheres.Theory and society,26(4), 509-527. Torpey, J. (1998). Coming and going: On the state monopolization of the legitimate means of movement.Sociological theory,16(3), 239-259. Ventriglio, A., Bhugra, D. (2015). Migration, trauma and resilience. InTrauma and Migration(pp. 69-79). Springer International Publishing.